module ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper

def _back_url # :nodoc:

:nodoc:
def _back_url # :nodoc:
  _filtered_referrer || "javascript:history.back()"
end

def _filtered_referrer # :nodoc:

:nodoc:
def _filtered_referrer # :nodoc:
  if controller.respond_to?(:request)
    referrer = controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
    if referrer && URI(referrer).scheme != "javascript"
      referrer
    end
  end
rescue URI::InvalidURIError
end

def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)

def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)
  if method_not_get_method?(method) && !html_options["rel"]&.match?(/nofollow/)
    if html_options["rel"].blank?
      html_options["rel"] = "nofollow"
    else
      html_options["rel"] = "#{html_options["rel"]} nofollow"
    end
  end
  html_options["data-method"] = method
end

def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)

#
# "
#
#
#
# => "

method: :delete, remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?', disable_with: 'loading...' }) %>
<%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',


#
"
#
#
#
# => "

method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %>
<%= button_to "Delete Image", { action: "delete", id: @image.id },


#
"
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, remote: true, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>


#
"
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>

#
"
#
# Make happy <%= @user.name %>
#
def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
  html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
  options      ||= {}
  html_options ||= {}
  html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
  url    = options.is_a?(String) ? options : url_for(options)
  remote = html_options.delete("remote")
  params = html_options.delete("params")
  method     = html_options.delete("method").to_s
  method_tag = BUTTON_TAG_METHOD_VERBS.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : "".html_safe
  form_method  = method == "get" ? "get" : "post"
  form_options = html_options.delete("form") || {}
  form_options[:class] ||= html_options.delete("form_class") || "button_to"
  form_options[:method] = form_method
  form_options[:action] = url
  form_options[:'data-remote'] = true if remote
  request_token_tag = if form_method == "post"
    request_method = method.empty? ? "post" : method
    token_tag(nil, form_options: { action: url, method: request_method })
  else
    ""
  end
  html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  html_options["type"] = "submit"
  button = if block_given?
    content_tag("button", html_options, &block)
  else
    html_options["value"] = name || url
    tag("input", html_options)
  end
  inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
  if params
    to_form_params(params).each do |param|
      inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param[:name], value: param[:value],
                                 autocomplete: "off")
    end
  end
  content_tag("form", inner_tags, form_options)
end

def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)

def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  if html_options
    html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
    html_options["data-remote"] = "true" if link_to_remote_options?(options) || link_to_remote_options?(html_options)
    method = html_options.delete("method")
    add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method) if method
    html_options
  else
    link_to_remote_options?(options) ? { "data-remote" => "true" } : {}
  end
end

def current_page?(options = nil, check_parameters: false, **options_as_kwargs)


We can also pass in the symbol arguments instead of strings.

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'product', action: 'index')

Let's say we're in the http://www.example.com/products action with method POST in case of invalid product.

# => true
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1')

# => true
current_page?('/shop/checkout')

# => false
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout', check_parameters: true)

# => true
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '2')

# => true
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '1')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')

# => true
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')

# => true
current_page?(action: 'checkout')

# => false
current_page?(action: 'process')

Let's say we're in the http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1 action.
==== Examples

True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
def current_page?(options = nil, check_parameters: false, **options_as_kwargs)
  unless request
    raise "You cannot use helpers that need to determine the current " \
          "page unless your view context provides a Request object " \
          "in a #request method"
  end
  return false unless request.get? || request.head?
  options ||= options_as_kwargs
  check_parameters ||= options.is_a?(Hash) && options.delete(:check_parameters)
  url_string = URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape(url_for(options)).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
  # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
  # submitted URL doesn't have any either. This lets the function
  # work with things like ?order=asc
  # the behaviour can be disabled with check_parameters: true
  request_uri = url_string.index("?") || check_parameters ? request.fullpath : request.path
  request_uri = URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape(request_uri).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
  if %r{^\w+://}.match?(url_string)
    request_uri = +"#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}#{request_uri}"
  end
  remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)
  remove_trailing_slash!(request_uri)
  url_string == request_uri
end

def current_page?(*args) # :nodoc:

:nodoc:
def current_page?(*args) # :nodoc:
  options = args.pop
  options.is_a?(Hash) ? _current_page?(*args, **options) : _current_page?(*args, options)
end

def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)

# => External link
link_to "External link", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", target: "_blank", rel: "nofollow"

Also you can set any link attributes such as target, rel, type:

# => Visit Other Site
link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }

You can also use custom data attributes using the :data option:

# => Destroy
link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)

The only option specific to +link_to+ (:method) is used as follows:

# => Nonsense search
link_to "Nonsense search", searches_path(foo: "bar", baz: "quux")

# => Ruby on Rails search
link_to "Ruby on Rails search", controller: "searches", query: "ruby on rails"

# => Comment wall
link_to "Comment wall", profile_path(@profile, anchor: "wall")

+link_to+ can also produce links with anchors or query strings:

# => WRONG!
link_to "WRONG!", controller: "articles", id: "news", class: "article"

Leaving the hash off gives the wrong link:

# => Articles
link_to "Articles", { controller: "articles" }, id: "news", class: "article"

Be careful when using the older argument style, as an extra literal hash is needed:

# => Articles
link_to "Articles", articles_path, id: "news", class: "article"

Classes and ids for CSS are easy to produce:


David -- Check it out!
# =>
<% end %>
<%= @profile.name %> -- Check it out!
<%= link_to(@profile) do %>

You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:

# =>
http://www.example.com
link_to nil, "http://example.com"

When name is +nil+ the href is presented instead

# => Profiles
link_to "Profiles", controller: "profiles"

is better than

# => Profiles
link_to "Profiles", profiles_path

Similarly,

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", controller: "profiles", action: "show", id: @profile

in place of the older more verbose, non-resource-oriented

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", @profile

or the even pithier

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", profile_path(@profile)

your application on resources and use
and newer RESTful routes. Current Rails style favors RESTful routes whenever possible, so base
Because it relies on +url_for+, +link_to+ supports both older-style controller/action/id arguments
==== Examples

the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
name for a disabled version of the link. This feature is provided by
* :disable_with - Value of this parameter will be used as the
link is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
resulting text would be question?. If the user accepts, the
driver to prompt with the question specified (in this case, the
* confirm: 'question?' - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript

==== Data attributes

they're complete
completion of the Ajax request and performing JavaScript operations once
the link. The drivers each provide mechanisms for listening for the
driver to make an Ajax request to the URL in question instead of following
* remote: true - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
the request object's methods for post?, delete?, patch?, or put?.
POST behavior, you should check for it in your controller's action by using
disabled clicking the link will have no effect. If you are relying on the
to using GET. If href: '#' is used and the user has JavaScript
Note that if the user has JavaScript disabled, the request will fall back
while spidering your site). Supported verbs are :post, :delete, :patch, and :put.
in dangerous actions like deleting a record (which search bots can follow
the HTTP verb specified. Useful for having links perform a POST operation
create an HTML form and immediately submit the form for processing using
* method: symbol of HTTP verb - This modifier will dynamically
* :data - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
==== Options

end
# name
link_to(url, html_options = {}) do

end
# name
link_to(options = {}, html_options = {}) do

# url_options, except :method, is passed to url_for
link_to(body, url_options = {}, html_options = {})

# posts_path
# url is a String; you can use URL helpers like
link_to(body, url, html_options = {})

==== Signatures

the value of the link itself will become the name.
will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
value of the \String as the href for the link. Using a :back \Symbol instead
pass a \String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
Creates an anchor element of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
  html_options, options, name = options, name, block if block_given?
  options ||= {}
  html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  url = url_for(options)
  html_options["href"] ||= url
  content_tag("a", name || url, html_options, &block)
end

def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

# => my_username
# If they are logged in...
# => Login
# If the user isn't logged in...
%>
end
link_to(@current_user.login, { controller: "accounts", action: "show", id: @current_user })
link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) do
<%=

# => Login
# If the user isn't logged in...
<%= link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) %>
==== Examples

accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_if+.
returned. To specialize the default behavior, you can pass a block that
+options+ if +condition+ is true, otherwise only the name is
Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
  if condition
    link_to(name, options, html_options)
  else
    if block_given?
      block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
    else
      ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
    end
  end
end

def link_to_remote_options?(options)

def link_to_remote_options?(options)
  if options.is_a?(Hash)
    options.delete("remote") || options.delete(:remote)
  end
end

def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

# => Reply
# If not...
# => Reply
# If the user is logged in...
%>
end
link_to(name, { controller: "accounts", action: "signup" })
link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) do |name|
<%=

# => Reply
# If the user is logged in...
<%= link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) %>
==== Examples

accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+.
than just the plaintext link text), you can pass a block that
returned. To specialize the default behavior (i.e., show a login link rather
+options+ unless +condition+ is true, in which case only the name is
Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
  link_to_if !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
end

def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

%>
end
link_to("Go back", { controller: "posts", action: "index" })
link_to_unless_current("Comment", { controller: "comments", action: "new" }) do
<%=

"Go Back" link instead of a link to the comments page, we could do something like this...
action is the action given. So, if we had a comments page and wanted to render a
The implicit block given to +link_to_unless_current+ is evaluated if the current


  • About Us

  • Home


  • About Us

  • Home


  • <%= link_to_unless_current("About Us", { action: "about" }) %>

  • <%= link_to_unless_current("Home", { action: "index" }) %>

  • def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
      link_to_unless current_page?(options), name, options, html_options, &block
    end

    def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Email me: me@domain.com
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Email me: me@domain.com
    <%= mail_to "me@domain.com" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:

    # =>
    My email
    subject: "This is an example email"
    mail_to "me@domain.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress@domain.com",

    # => My email
    mail_to "me@domain.com", "My email"

    # => me@domain.com
    mail_to "me@domain.com"
    ==== Examples

    install the +actionview-encoded_mail_to+ gem.
    in order to hinder email harvesters. To take advantage of these options,
    Prior to Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
    ==== Obfuscation

    * :reply_to - Preset the Reply-To field of the email.
    * :bcc - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
    * :cc - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
    * :body - Preset the body of the email.
    * :subject - Preset the subject line of the email.
    ==== Options

    passing special keys to +html_options+.
    +mail_to+ has several methods for customizing the email itself by

    HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
    also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
    Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
    def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject reply_to }.map! { |item|
        option = html_options.delete(item).presence || next
        "#{item.dasherize}=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(option)}"
      }.compact
      extras = extras.empty? ? "" : "?" + extras.join("&")
      encoded_email_address = ERB::Util.url_encode(email_address).gsub("%40", "@")
      html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{encoded_email_address}#{extras}"
      content_tag("a", name || email_address, html_options, &block)
    end

    def method_not_get_method?(method)

    def method_not_get_method?(method)
      return false unless method
      (STRINGIFIED_COMMON_METHODS[method] || method.to_s.downcase) != "get"
    end

    def method_tag(method)

    def method_tag(method)
      tag("input", type: "hidden", name: "_method", value: method.to_s, autocomplete: "off")
    end

    def phone_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Phone me:
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Phone me:
    <%= phone_to "1234567890" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. \ERB example:

    # =>
    Phone me
    phone_to "1234567890", "Phone me", country_code: "01"

    # => Phone me
    phone_to "1234567890", "Phone me"

    # => 1234567890
    phone_to "1234567890"
    ==== Examples

    * :country_code - Prepends the country code to the number
    ==== Options

    phone numer, by passing special keys to +html_options+.
    for example if +country_code: "01"+ +\+01+ will be prepended to the
    code as well as the + sign in the phone numer that gets prepopulated,
    +phone_to+ has an optional +country_code+ option which automatically adds the country

    +country_code+ value.
    is prepopulated with the passed phone number and optional
    When clicked, the default app to make calls is opened, and it

    HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
    also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
    Creates a TEL anchor link tag to the specified +phone_number+, which is
    def phone_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      country_code = html_options.delete("country_code").presence
      country_code = country_code.nil? ? "" : "+#{ERB::Util.url_encode(country_code)}"
      encoded_phone_number = ERB::Util.url_encode(phone_number)
      html_options["href"] = "tel:#{country_code}#{encoded_phone_number}"
      content_tag("a", name || phone_number, html_options, &block)
    end

    def remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)

    def remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)
      trailing_index = (url_string.index("?") || 0) - 1
      url_string[trailing_index] = "" if url_string[trailing_index] == "/"
    end

    def sms_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Text me:
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Text me:
    <%= sms_to "5155555785" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. \ERB example:

    # =>
    Text me
    body: "Hello Jim I have a question about your product."
    sms_to "5155555785", "Text me",

    # => Text me
    sms_to "5155555785", "Text me"

    # => 5155555785
    sms_to "5155555785"
    ==== Examples

    * :body - Preset the body of the message.
    ==== Options

    passing special keys to +html_options+.
    +sms_to+ has a +body+ option for customizing the SMS message itself by

    and optional +body+ value.
    When clicked, an SMS message is prepopulated with the passed phone number

    HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
    also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
    Creates an SMS anchor link tag to the specified +phone_number+, which is
    def sms_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      extras = %w{ body }.map! { |item|
        option = html_options.delete(item).presence || next
        "#{item.dasherize}=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(option)}"
      }.compact
      extras = extras.empty? ? "" : "?&" + extras.join("&")
      encoded_phone_number = ERB::Util.url_encode(phone_number)
      html_options["href"] = "sms:#{encoded_phone_number};#{extras}"
      content_tag("a", name || phone_number, html_options, &block)
    end

    def to_form_params(attribute, namespace = nil)

    # => [{name: 'country[name]', value: 'Denmark'}]
    to_form_params({ name: 'Denmark' }, 'country')

    An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:

    # => [{name: 'countries[]', value: 'Denmark'}, {name: 'countries[]', value: 'Sweden'}]
    to_form_params(countries: ['Denmark', 'Sweden']})

    # => [{name: 'country[name]', value: 'Denmark'}]
    to_form_params(country: { name: 'Denmark' })

    # => [{name: 'name', value: 'David'}, {name: 'nationality', value: 'Danish'}]
    to_form_params(name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish')

    suitable for use as the names and values of form input fields:
    Returns an array of hashes each containing :name and :value keys
    def to_form_params(attribute, namespace = nil)
      attribute = if attribute.respond_to?(:permitted?)
        attribute.to_h
      else
        attribute
      end
      params = []
      case attribute
      when Hash
        attribute.each do |key, value|
          prefix = namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key
          params.push(*to_form_params(value, prefix))
        end
      when Array
        array_prefix = "#{namespace}[]"
        attribute.each do |value|
          params.push(*to_form_params(value, array_prefix))
        end
      else
        params << { name: namespace.to_s, value: attribute.to_param }
      end
      params.sort_by { |pair| pair[:name] }
    end

    def token_tag(token = nil, form_options: {})

    def token_tag(token = nil, form_options: {})
      if token != false && defined?(protect_against_forgery?) && protect_against_forgery?
        token ||= form_authenticity_token(form_options: form_options)
        tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, value: token, autocomplete: "off")
      else
        ""
      end
    end

    def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:

    :nodoc:
    Basic implementation of url_for to allow use helpers without routes existence
    def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:
      case options
      when String
        options
      when :back
        _back_url
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "arguments passed to url_for can't be handled. Please require " \
                             "routes or provide your own implementation"
      end
    end