activerecord - gem.sh

Rails 7.0.7.2 (August 22, 2023)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.7.1 (August 22, 2023)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.7 (August 09, 2023)

Restores functionality to the missing method when using enums and fixes.

paulreece
Fix StatementCache::Substitute with serialized type.

ywenc
Fix :db_runtime on notification payload when application have multiple databases.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Correctly dump check constraints for MySQL 8.0.16+.

Steve Hill
Fix ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of to include nils, to match the
behavior of Enumerable#in_order_of.

For example, Post.in_order_of(:title, [nil, "foo"]) will now include posts
with nil titles, the same as Post.all.to_a.in_order_of(:title, [nil, "foo"]).

fatkodima
Revert “Fix autosave associations with validations added on :base of the associated objects.”

This change intended to remove the :base attribute from the message,
but broke many assumptions which key these errors were stored.

zzak
Fix #previously_new_record? to return true for destroyed records.

Before, if a record was created and then destroyed, #previously_new_record? would return true.
Now, any UPDATE or DELETE to a record is considered a change, and will result in #previously_new_record?
returning false.

Adrianna Chang
Revert breaking changes to has_one relationship deleting the old record before the new one is validated.

zzak
Fix support for Active Record instances being uses in queries.

As of 7.0.5, query arguments were deep duped to avoid mutations impacting
the query cache, but this had the adverse effect to clearing the primary key when
the query argument contained an ActiveRecord::Base instance.

This broke the noticed gem.

Jean Boussier

Rails 7.0.6 (June 29, 2023)

Fix autosave associations with validations added on :base of the associated objects.

fatkodima
Fix result with anonymous PostgreSQL columns of different type from json.

Oleksandr Avoiants
Preserve timestamp when setting an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone value to timestamptz attribute.

fatkodima
Fix assignment into an has_one relationship deleting the old record before the new one is validated.

Jean Boussier
Fix where on association with has_one/has_many polymorphic relations.

Before:
```
Treasure.where(price_estimates: PriceEstimate.all)
#=&gt; SELECT (...) WHERE "treasures"."id" IN (SELECT "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" FROM "price_estimates")
```
Later:
```
Treasure.where(price_estimates: PriceEstimate.all)
#=&gt; SELECT (...) WHERE "treasures"."id" IN (SELECT "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" FROM "price_estimates" WHERE "price_estimates"."estimate_of_type" = 'Treasure')
```
Lázaro Nixon
Fix decrementing counter caches on optimistically locked record deletion

fatkodima
Ensure binary-destined values have binary encoding during type cast.

Matthew Draper
Preserve existing column default functions when altering table in SQLite.

fatkodima
Remove table alias added when using where.missing or where.associated.

fatkodima
Fix Enumerable#in_order_of to only flatten first level to preserve nesting.

Miha Rekar

Rails 7.0.5.1 (June 26, 2023)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.5 (May 24, 2023)

Type cast #attribute_changed? :from and :to options.

Andrew Novoselac
Fix index_exists? when column is an array.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Handle Date objects for PostgreSQL timestamptz columns.

Alex Ghiculescu
Fix collation for changing column to non-string.

Hartley McGuire
Map through subtype in PostgreSQL::OID::Array.

Jonathan Hefner
Store correct environment in internal_metadata when run rails db:prepare.

fatkodima
Make sure ActiveRecord::Relation#sum works with objects that implement #coerce without deprecation.

Alex Ghiculescu
Fix retrieving foreign keys referencing tables named like keywords in PostgreSQL and MySQL.

fatkodima
Support UUIDs in Disable Joins.

Samuel Cochran
Fix Active Record’s explain for queries starting with comments.

fatkodima
Fix incorrectly preloading through association records when middle association has been loaded.

Joshua Young
Fix where.missing and where.associated for parent/child associations.

fatkodima
Fix Enumerable#in_order_of to preserve duplicates.

fatkodima
Fix autoincrement on primary key for mysql.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Restore ability to redefine column in create_table for Rails 5.2 migrations.

fatkodima
Fix schema cache dumping of virtual columns.

fatkodima
Fix Active Record grouped calculations on joined tables on column present in both tables.

fatkodima
Fix mutation detection for serialized attributes backed by binary columns.

Jean Boussier
Fix a bug where using groups and counts with long table names would return incorrect results.

Shota Toguchi, Yusaku Ono
Fix erroneous nil default precision on virtual datetime columns.

Prior to this change, virtual datetime columns did not have the same
default precision as regular datetime columns, resulting in the following
being erroneously equivalent:

t.virtual :name, type: datetime, as: “expression”
t.virtual :name, type: datetime, precision: nil, as: “expression”

This change fixes the default precision lookup, so virtual and regular
datetime column default precisions match.

Sam Bostock
Fix a case where the query cache can return wrong values. See #46044

Aaron Patterson

Rails 7.0.4.3 (March 13, 2023)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.4.2 (January 24, 2023)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.4.1 (January 17, 2023)

Make sanitize_as_sql_comment more strict

Though this method was likely never meant to take user input, it was
attempting sanitization. That sanitization could be bypassed with
carefully crafted input.

This commit makes the sanitization more robust by replacing any
occurrences of “/” or “/” with “/ ” or “ /”. It also performs a
first pass to remove one surrounding comment to avoid compatibility
issues for users relying on the existing removal.

This also clarifies in the documentation of annotate that it should not
be provided user input.

[CVE-2023-22794]
Added integer width check to PostgreSQL::Quoting

Given a value outside the range for a 64bit signed integer type
PostgreSQL will treat the column type as numeric. Comparing
integer values against numeric values can result in a slow
sequential scan.

This behavior is configurable via
ActiveRecord::Base.raise_int_wider_than_64bit which defaults to true.

[CVE-2022-44566]

Rails 7.0.4 (September 09, 2022)

Symbol is allowed by default for YAML columns

Étienne Barrié
Fix ActiveRecord::Store to serialize as a regular Hash

Previously it would serialize as an ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
which is wasteful and cause problem with YAML safe_load.

Jean Boussier
Add timestamptz as a time zone aware type for PostgreSQL

This is required for correctly parsing timestamp with time zone values in your database.

If you don’t want this, you can opt out by adding this initializer:
```
ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types -= [:timestamptz]
```
Alex Ghiculescu
Fix supporting timezone awareness for tsrange and tstzrange array columns.
```
# In database migrations
add_column :shops, :open_hours, :tsrange, array: true
# In app config
ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types += [:tsrange]
# In the code times are properly converted to app time zone
Shop.create!(open_hours: [Time.current..8.hour.from_now])
```
Wojciech Wnętrzak
Resolve issue where a relation cache_version could be left stale.

Previously, when reset was called on a relation object it did not reset the cache_versions
ivar. This led to a confusing situation where despite having the correct data the relation
still reported a stale cache_version.

Usage:
```
developers = Developer.all
developers.cache_version

Developer.update_all(updated_at: Time.now.utc + 1.second)

developers.cache_version # Stale cache_version
developers.reset
developers.cache_version # Returns the current correct cache_version
```
Fixes #45341.

Austen Madden
Fix load_async when called on an association proxy.

Calling load_async directly an association would schedule
a query but never use it.
```
comments = post.comments.load_async # schedule a query
comments.to_a # perform an entirely new sync query
```
Now it does use the async query, however note that it doesn’t
cause the association to be loaded.

Jean Boussier
Fix eager loading for models without primary keys.

Anmol Chopra, Matt Lawrence, and Jonathan Hefner
rails db:schema:{dump,load} now checks ENV["SCHEMA_FORMAT"] before config

Since rails db:structure:{dump,load} was deprecated there wasn’t a simple
way to dump a schema to both SQL and Ruby formats. You can now do this with
an environment variable. For example:
```
SCHEMA_FORMAT=sql rake db:schema:dump
```
Alex Ghiculescu
Fix Hstore deserialize regression.

edsharp

Rails 7.0.3.1 (July 12, 2022)

Change ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn default to safe_load

This adds two new configuration options The configuration options are as
follows:
- config.active_record.use_yaml_unsafe_load
When set to true, this configuration option tells Rails to use the old
“unsafe” YAML loading strategy, maintaining the existing behavior but leaving
the possible escalation vulnerability in place. Setting this option to true
is not recommended, but can aid in upgrading.
- config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes
The “safe YAML” loading method does not allow all classes to be deserialized
by default. This option allows you to specify classes deemed “safe” in your
application. For example, if your application uses Symbol and Time in
serialized data, you can add Symbol and Time to the allowed list as follows:
```
config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes = [Symbol, Date, Time]
```
[CVE-2022-32224]

Rails 7.0.3 (May 09, 2022)

Some internal housekeeping on reloads could break custom respond_to?
methods in class objects that referenced reloadable constants. See
#44125 for details.

Xavier Noria
Fixed MariaDB default function support.

Defaults would be written wrong in “db/schema.rb” and not work correctly
if using db:schema:load. Further more the function name would be
added as string content when saving new records.

kaspernj
Fix remove_foreign_key with :if_exists option when foreign key actually exists.

fatkodima
Remove --no-comments flag in structure dumps for PostgreSQL

This broke some apps that used custom schema comments. If you don’t want
comments in your structure dump, you can use:
```
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-comments']
```
Alex Ghiculescu
Use the model name as a prefix when filtering encrypted attributes from logs.

For example, when encrypting Person#name it will add person.name as a filter
parameter, instead of just name. This prevents unintended filtering of parameters
with a matching name in other models.

Jorge Manrubia
Fix quoting of ActiveSupport::Duration and Rational numbers in the MySQL adapter.

Kevin McPhillips
Fix change_column_comment to preserve column’s AUTO_INCREMENT in the MySQL adapter

fatkodima

Rails 7.0.2.4 (April 26, 2022)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.2.3 (March 08, 2022)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.2.2 (February 11, 2022)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.2.1 (February 11, 2022)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.2 (February 08, 2022)

Fix PG.connect keyword arguments deprecation warning on ruby 2.7.

Nikita Vasilevsky
Fix the ability to exclude encryption params from being autofiltered.

Mark Gangl
Dump the precision for datetime columns following the new defaults.

Rafael Mendonça França
Make sure encrypted attributes are not being filtered twice.

Nikita Vasilevsky
Dump the database schema containing the current Rails version.

Since https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/42297, Rails now generate datetime columns
with a default precision of 6. This means that users upgrading to Rails 7.0 from 6.1,
when loading the database schema, would get the new precision value, which would not match
the production schema.

To avoid this the schema dumper will generate the new format which will include the Rails
version and will look like this:
```
ActiveRecord::Schema[7.0].define
```
When upgrading from Rails 6.1 to Rails 7.0, you can run the rails app:update task that will
set the current schema version to 6.1.

Rafael Mendonça França
Fix parsing expression for PostgreSQL generated column.

fatkodima
Fix Mysql2::Error: Commands out of sync; you can't run this command now
when bulk-inserting fixtures that exceed max_allowed_packet configuration.

Nikita Vasilevsky
Fix error when saving an association with a relation named record.

Dorian Marié
Fix MySQL::SchemaDumper behavior about datetime precision value.

y0t4
Improve associated with no reflection error.

Nikolai
Fix PG.connect keyword arguments deprecation warning on ruby 2.7.

Fixes #44307.

Nikita Vasilevsky
Fix passing options to check_constraint from change_table.

Frederick Cheung

Rails 7.0.1 (January 06, 2022)

Change QueryMethods#in_order_of to drop records not listed in values.

in_order_of now filters down to the values provided, to match the behavior of the Enumerable version.

Kevin Newton
Allow named expression indexes to be revertible.

Previously, the following code would raise an error in a reversible migration executed while rolling back, due to the index name not being used in the index removal.
```
add_index(:settings, "(data-&gt;'property')", using: :gin, name: :index_settings_data_property)
```
Fixes #43331.

Oliver Günther
Better error messages when association name is invalid in the argument of ActiveRecord::QueryMethods::WhereChain#missing.

ykpythemind
Fix ordered migrations for single db in multi db environment.

Himanshu
Extract on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for mysql2 adapter.

Kazuhiro Masuda
Fix incorrect argument in PostgreSQL structure dump tasks.

Updating the --no-comment argument added in Rails 7 to the correct --no-comments argument.

Alex Dent
Fix schema dumping column default SQL values for sqlite3.

fatkodima
Correctly parse complex check constraint expressions for PostgreSQL.

fatkodima
Fix timestamptz attributes on PostgreSQL handle blank inputs.

Alex Ghiculescu
Fix migration compatibility to create SQLite references/belongs_to column as integer when migration version is 6.0.

Reference/belongs_to in migrations with version 6.0 were creating columns as
bigint instead of integer for the SQLite Adapter.

Marcelo Lauxen
Fix joining through a polymorphic association.

Alexandre Ruban
Fix QueryMethods#in_order_of to handle empty order list.
```
Post.in_order_of(:id, []).to_a
```
Also more explicitly set the column as secondary order, so that any other
value is still ordered.

Jean Boussier
Fix rails dbconsole for 3-tier config.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Fix quoting of column aliases generated by calculation methods.

Since the alias is derived from the table name, we can’t assume the result
is a valid identifier.
```
class Test &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = '1abc'
end
Test.group(:id).count
# syntax error at or near "1" (ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid)
# LINE 1: SELECT COUNT(*) AS count_all, "1abc"."id" AS 1abc_id FROM "1...
```
Jean Boussier

Rails 7.0.0 (December 15, 2021)

Better handle SQL queries with invalid encoding.
```
Post.create(name: "broken \xC8 UTF-8")
```
Would cause all adapters to fail in a non controlled way in the code
responsible to detect write queries.

The query is now properly passed to the database connection, which might or might
not be able to handle it, but will either succeed or failed in a more correct way.

Jean Boussier
Move database and shard selection config options to a generator.

Rather than generating the config options in production.rb when applications are created, applications can now run a generator to create an initializer and uncomment / update options as needed. All multi-db configuration can be implemented in this initializer.

Eileen M. Uchitelle

Rails 7.0.0.rc3 (December 14, 2021)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.0.rc2 (December 14, 2021)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.0.rc1 (December 06, 2021)

Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::DatabaseConfig#spec_name.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Connection#in_clause_length.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Connection#allowed_index_name_length.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base#remove_connection.

Rafael Mendonça França
Load STI Models in fixtures

Data from Fixtures now loads based on the specific class for models with
Single Table Inheritance. This affects enums defined in subclasses, previously
the value of these fields was not parsed and remained nil

Andres Howard
#authenticate returns false when the password is blank instead of raising an error.

Muhammad Muhammad Ibrahim
Fix ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of behavior for integer enums.

ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of didn’t work as expected for enums stored as integers in the database when passing an array of strings or symbols as the order argument. This unexpected behavior occurred because the string or symbol values were not casted to match the integers in the database.

The following example now works as expected:
```
class Book &lt; ApplicationRecord
  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
end

Book.in_order_of(:status, %w[written published proposed])
```
Alexandre Ruban
Ignore persisted in-memory records when merging target lists.

Kevin Sjöberg
Add a new option :update_only to upsert_all to configure the list of columns to update in case of conflict.

Before, you could only customize the update SQL sentence via :on_duplicate. There is now a new option :update_only that lets you provide a list of columns to update in case of conflict:
```
Commodity.upsert_all(
  [
    { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 },
    { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 },
    { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 }
  ],
  update_only: [:price] # Only prices will be updated
)
```
Jorge Manrubia
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Result#map! and ActiveRecord::Result#collect!.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.default_hash.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.arel_attribute.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config.

Rafael Mendonça França
Filter attributes in SQL logs

Previously, SQL queries in logs containing ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes were not filtered.

Now, the filter attributes will be masked [FILTERED] in the logs when prepared_statement is enabled.
```
# Before:
  Foo Load (0.2ms)  SELECT "foos".* FROM "foos" WHERE "foos"."passw" = ? LIMIT ?  [["passw", "hello"], ["LIMIT", 1]]

# After:
  Foo Load (0.5ms)  SELECT "foos".* FROM "foos" WHERE "foos"."passw" = ? LIMIT ?  [["passw", "[FILTERED]"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
```
Aishwarya Subramanian
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.spec.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config.

Rafael Mendonça França
Deprecate Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file_type.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated environment and name arguments from Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_up_to_date?.

Rafael Mendonça França
Merging conditions on the same column no longer maintain both conditions,
and will be consistently replaced by the latter condition.
```
# Rails 6.1 (IN clause is replaced by merger side equality condition)
Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # =&gt; [bob]
# Rails 6.1 (both conflict conditions exists, deprecated)
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # =&gt; []
# Rails 6.1 with rewhere to migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # =&gt; [bob]
# Rails 7.0 (same behavior with IN clause, mergee side condition is consistently replaced)
Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # =&gt; [bob]
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # =&gt; [bob]

*Rafael Mendonça França*
```

Remove deprecated support to Model.reorder(nil).first to search using non-deterministic order.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated rake tasks:
- db:schema:load_if_ruby
- db:structure:dump
- db:structure:load
- db:structure:load_if_sql
- db:structure:dump:#{name}
- db:structure:load:#{name}
- db:test:load_structure
- db:test:load_structure:#{name}
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated DatabaseConfig#config method.

Rafael Mendonça França
Rollback transactions when the block returns earlier than expected.

Before this change, when a transaction block returned early, the transaction would be committed.

The problem is that timeouts triggered inside the transaction block was also making the incomplete transaction
to be committed, so in order to avoid this mistake, the transaction block is rolled back.

Rafael Mendonça França
Add middleware for automatic shard swapping.

Provides a basic middleware to perform automatic shard swapping. Applications will provide a resolver which will determine for an individual request which shard should be used. Example:
```
config.active_record.shard_resolver = -&gt;(request) {
  subdomain = request.subdomain
  tenant = Tenant.find_by_subdomain!(subdomain)
  tenant.shard
}
```
See guides for more details.

Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Remove deprecated support to pass a column to type_cast.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to type cast to database values ActiveRecord::Base objects.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to quote ActiveRecord::Base objects.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecacated support to resolve connection using "primary" as connection specification name.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecation warning when using :interval column is used in PostgreSQL database.

Now, interval columns will return ActiveSupport::Duration objects instead of strings.

To keep the old behavior, you can add this line to your model:
```
attribute :column, :string
```
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to YAML load ActiveRecord::Base instance in the Rails 4.2 and 4.1 formats.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated option :spec_name in the configs_for method.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql.

Rafael Mendonça França
Fix regression bug that caused ignoring additional conditions for preloading has_many-through relations.

Fixes #43132

Alexander Pauly
Fix has_many inversing recursion on models with recursive associations.

Gannon McGibbon
Add accepts_nested_attributes_for support for delegated_type
```
class Entry &lt; ApplicationRecord
  delegated_type :entryable, types: %w[ Message Comment ]
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :entryable
end

entry = Entry.create(entryable_type: 'Message', entryable_attributes: { content: 'Hello world' })
# =&gt; #
# id: 1
# entryable_id: 1,
# entryable_type: 'Message'
# ...&gt;

entry.entryable
# =&gt; #
# id: 1
# content: 'Hello world'
# ...&gt;
```
Previously it would raise an error:
```
Entry.create(entryable_type: 'Message', entryable_attributes: { content: 'Hello world' })
# ArgumentError: Cannot build association `entryable'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?
```
Sjors Baltus
Use subquery for DELETE with GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses.

Prior to this change, deletes with GROUP_BY and HAVING were returning an error.

After this change, GROUP_BY and HAVING are valid clauses in DELETE queries, generating the following query:
```
DELETE FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" GROUP BY "posts"."id" HAVING (count(comments.id) &gt;= 2))
)  [["flagged", "t"]]
```
Ignacio Chiazzo Cardarello
Use subquery for UPDATE with GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses.

Prior to this change, updates with GROUP_BY and HAVING were being ignored, generating a SQL like this:
```
UPDATE "posts" SET "flagged" = ? WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
)  [["flagged", "t"]]
```
After this change, GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses are used as a subquery in updates, like this:
```
UPDATE "posts" SET "flagged" = ? WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
    GROUP BY posts.id HAVING (count(comments.id) &gt;= 2)
)  [["flagged", "t"]]
```
Ignacio Chiazzo Cardarello
Add support for setting the filename of the schema or structure dump in the database config.

Applications may now set their the filename or path of the schema / structure dump file in their database configuration.
```
production:
  primary:
    database: my_db
    schema_dump: my_schema_dump_filename.rb
  animals:
    database: animals_db
    schema_dump: false
```
The filename set in schema_dump will be used by the application. If set to false the schema will not be dumped. The database tasks are responsible for adding the database directory to the filename. If a full path is provided, the Rails tasks will use that instead of ActiveRecord::DatabaseTasks.db_dir.

Eileen M. Uchitelle, Ryan Kerr
Add ActiveRecord::Base.prohibit_shard_swapping to prevent attempts to change the shard within a block.

John Crepezzi, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Filter unchanged attributes with default function from insert query when partial_inserts is disabled.

Akshay Birajdar, Jacopo Beschi
Add support for FILTER clause (SQL:2003) to Arel.

Currently supported by PostgreSQL 9.4+ and SQLite 3.30+.

Andrey Novikov
Automatically set timestamps on record creation during bulk insert/upsert

Prior to this change, only updates during an upsert operation (e.g. upsert_all) would touch timestamps (updated_{at,on}). Now, record creations also touch timestamp columns ({created,updated}_{at,on}).

This behaviour is controlled by the .record_timestamps config, matching the behaviour of create, update, etc. It can also be overridden by using the record_timestamps: keyword argument.

Note that this means upsert_all on models with record_timestamps = false will no longer touch updated_{at,on} automatically.

Sam Bostock
Don’t require role when passing shard to connected_to.

connected_to can now be called with a shard only. Note that role is still inherited if connected_to calls are nested.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Add option to lazily load the schema cache on the connection.

Previously, the only way to load the schema cache in Active Record was through the Railtie on boot. This option provides the ability to load the schema cache on the connection after it’s been established. Loading the cache lazily on the connection can be beneficial for Rails applications that use multiple databases because it will load the cache at the time the connection is established. Currently Railties doesn’t have access to the connections before boot.

To use the cache, set config.active_record.lazily_load_schema_cache = true in your application configuration. In addition a schema_cache_path should be set in your database configuration if you don’t want to use the default “db/schema_cache.yml” path.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Allow automatic inverse_of detection for associations with scopes.

Automatic inverse_of detection now works for associations with scopes. For
example, the comments association here now automatically detects
inverse_of: :post, so we don’t need to pass that option:
```
class Post &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments, -&gt; { visible }
end

class Comment &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :post
end
```
Note that the automatic detection still won’t work if the inverse
association has a scope. In this example a scope on the post association
would still prevent Rails from finding the inverse for the comments
association.

This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.automatic_scope_inversing = true
```
Daniel Colson, Chris Bloom
Accept optional transaction args to ActiveRecord::Locking::Pessimistic#with_lock

#with_lock now accepts transaction options like requires_new:,
isolation:, and joinable:

John Mileham
Adds support for deferrable foreign key constraints in PostgreSQL.

By default, foreign key constraints in PostgreSQL are checked after each statement. This works for most use cases,
but becomes a major limitation when creating related records before the parent record is inserted into the database.
One example of this is looking up / creating a person via one or more unique alias.
```
Person.transaction do
  alias = Alias
    .create_with(user_id: SecureRandom.uuid)
    .create_or_find_by(name: "DHH")

  person = Person
    .create_with(name: "David Heinemeier Hansson")
    .create_or_find_by(id: alias.user_id)
end
```
Using the default behavior, the transaction would fail when executing the first INSERT statement.

By passing the :deferrable option to the add_foreign_key statement in migrations, it’s possible to defer this
check.
```
add_foreign_key :aliases, :person, deferrable: true
```
Passing deferrable: true doesn’t change the default behavior, but allows manually deferring the check using
SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED within a transaction. This will cause the foreign keys to be checked after the
transaction.

It’s also possible to adjust the default behavior from an immediate check (after the statement), to a deferred check
(after the transaction):
```
add_foreign_key :aliases, :person, deferrable: :deferred
```
Benedikt Deicke
Allow configuring Postgres password through the socket URL.

For example:
```
ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(
  :production, :production, 'postgres:///?user=user&amp;password=secret&amp;dbname=app', {}
).configuration_hash
```
will now return,
```
{ :user=&gt;"user", :password=&gt;"secret", :dbname=&gt;"app", :adapter=&gt;"postgresql" }
```
Abeid Ahmed
PostgreSQL: support custom enum types

In migrations, use create_enum to add a new enum type, and t.enum to add a column.
```
def up
  create_enum :mood, ["happy", "sad"]

  change_table :cats do |t|
    t.enum :current_mood, enum_type: "mood", default: "happy", null: false
  end
end
```
Enums will be presented correctly in schema.rb. Note that this is only supported by
the PostgreSQL adapter.

Alex Ghiculescu
Avoid COMMENT statements in PostgreSQL structure dumps

COMMENT statements are now omitted from the output of db:structure:dump when using PostgreSQL >= 11.
This allows loading the dump without a pgsql superuser account.

Fixes #36816, #43107.

Janosch Müller
Add support for generated columns in PostgreSQL adapter

Generated columns are supported since version 12.0 of PostgreSQL. This adds
support of those to the PostgreSQL adapter.
```
create_table :users do |t|
  t.string :name
  t.virtual :name_upcased, type: :string, as: 'upper(name)', stored: true
end
```
Michał Begejowicz

Rails 7.0.0.alpha2 (September 15, 2021)

No changes.

Rails 7.0.0.alpha1 (September 15, 2021)

Remove warning when overwriting existing scopes

Removes the following unnecessary warning message that appeared when overwriting existing scopes
```
Creating scope :my_scope_name. Overwriting existing method "MyClass.my_scope_name" when overwriting existing scopes
```
Weston Ganger
Use full precision for updated_at in insert_all/upsert_all

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP provides differing precision depending on the database,
and not all databases support explicitly specifying additional precision.

Instead, we delegate to the new connection.high_precision_current_timestamp
for the SQL to produce a high precision timestamp on the current database.

Fixes #42992

Sam Bostock
Add ssl support for postgresql database tasks

Add PGSSLMODE, PGSSLCERT, PGSSLKEY and PGSSLROOTCERT to pg_env from database config
when running postgresql database tasks.
```
# config/database.yml

production:
  sslmode: verify-full
  sslcert: client.crt
  sslkey: client.key
  sslrootcert: ca.crt
```
Environment variables
```
PGSSLMODE=verify-full
PGSSLCERT=client.crt
PGSSLKEY=client.key
PGSSLROOTCERT=ca.crt
```
Fixes #42994

Michael Bayucot
Avoid scoping update callbacks in ActiveRecord::Relation#update!.

Making it consistent with how scoping is applied only to the query in ActiveRecord::Relation#update
and not also to the callbacks from the update itself.

Dylan Thacker-Smith
Fix 2 cases that inferred polymorphic class from the association’s foreign_type
using String#constantize instead of the model’s polymorphic_class_for.

When updating a polymorphic association, the old foreign_type was not inferred correctly when:
1. touching the previously associated record
2. updating the previously associated record’s counter_cache
Jimmy Bourassa
Add config option for ignoring tables when dumping the schema cache.

Applications can now be configured to ignore certain tables when dumping the schema cache.

The configuration option can table an array of tables:
```
config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = ["ignored_table", "another_ignored_table"]
```
Or a regex:
```
config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = [/^_/]
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Make schema cache methods return consistent results.

Previously the schema cache methods primary_keys, columns, columns_hash, and indexes
would behave differently than one another when a table didn’t exist and differently across
database adapters. This change unifies the behavior so each method behaves the same regardless
of adapter.

The behavior now is:

columns: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist.
columns_hash: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist.
primary_keys: (unchanged) returns nil if the table does not exist.
indexes: (changed for mysql2) returns [] if the table does not exist.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Reestablish connection to previous database after after running db:schema:load:name

After running db:schema:load:name the previous connection is restored.

Jacopo Beschi
Add database config option database_tasks

If you would like to connect to an external database without any database
management tasks such as schema management, migrations, seeds, etc. you can set
the per database config option database_tasks: false
```
# config/database.yml

production:
  primary:
    database: my_database
    adapter: mysql2
  animals:
    database: my_animals_database
    adapter: mysql2
    database_tasks: false
```
Weston Ganger
Fix ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata to not be broken by config.active_record.record_timestamps = false

Since the model always create the timestamp columns, it has to set them, otherwise it breaks
various DB management tasks.

Fixes #42983
Add ActiveRecord::QueryLogs.

Configurable tags can be automatically added to all SQL queries generated by Active Record.
```
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application &lt; Rails::Application
    config.active_record.query_log_tags_enabled = true
  end
end
```
By default the application, controller and action details are added to the query tags:
```
class BooksController &lt; ApplicationController
  def index
    @books = Book.all
  end
end
```
```
GET /books
# SELECT * FROM books /*application:MyApp;controller:books;action:index*/
```
Custom tags containing static values and Procs can be defined in the application configuration:
```
config.active_record.query_log_tags = [
  :application,
  :controller,
  :action,
  {
    custom_static: "foo",
    custom_dynamic: -&gt; { Time.now }
  }
]
```
Keeran Raj Hawoldar, Eileen M. Uchitelle, Kasper Timm Hansen
Added support for multiple databases to rails db:setup and rails db:reset.

Ryan Hall
Add ActiveRecord::Relation#structurally_compatible?.

Adds a query method by which a user can tell if the relation that they’re
about to use for #or or #and is structurally compatible with the
receiver.

Kevin Newton
Add ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of.

This allows you to specify an explicit order that you’d like records
returned in based on a SQL expression. By default, this will be accomplished
using a case statement, as in:
```
Post.in_order_of(:id, [3, 5, 1])
```
will generate the SQL:
```
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY CASE "posts"."id" WHEN 3 THEN 1 WHEN 5 THEN 2 WHEN 1 THEN 3 ELSE 4 END ASC
```
However, because this functionality is built into MySQL in the form of the
FIELD function, that connection adapter will generate the following SQL
instead:
```
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY FIELD("posts"."id", 1, 5, 3) DESC
```
Kevin Newton
Fix eager_loading? when ordering with Symbol.

eager_loading? is triggered correctly when using order with symbols.
```
scope = Post.includes(:comments).order(:"comments.label")
=&gt; true
```
Jacopo Beschi
Two change tracking methods are added for belongs_to associations.

The association_changed? method (assuming an association named :association) returns true
if a different associated object has been assigned and the foreign key will be updated in the
next save.

The association_previously_changed? method returns true if the previous save updated the
association to reference a different associated object.

George Claghorn
Add option to disable schema dump per-database.

Dumping the schema is on by default for all databases in an application. To turn it off for a
specific database, use the schema_dump option:
```
# config/database.yml

production:
  schema_dump: false
```
Luis Vasconcellos, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Fix eager_loading? when ordering with Hash syntax.

eager_loading? is triggered correctly when using order with hash syntax
on an outer table.
```
Post.includes(:comments).order({ "comments.label": :ASC }).eager_loading?
# =&gt; true
```
Jacopo Beschi
Move the forcing of clear text encoding to the ActiveRecord::Encryption::Encryptor.

Fixes #42699.

J Smith
partial_inserts is now disabled by default in new apps.

This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.partial_inserts = true
```
If a migration removes the default value of a column, this option
would cause old processes to no longer be able to create new records.

If you need to remove a column, you should first use ignored_columns
to stop using it.

Jean Boussier
Rails can now verify foreign keys after loading fixtures in tests.

This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.verify_foreign_keys_for_fixtures = true
```
Tests will not run if there is a foreign key constraint violation in your fixture data.

The feature is supported by SQLite and PostgreSQL, other adapters can also add support for it.

Alex Ghiculescu
Clear cached has_one association after setting belongs_to association to nil.

After setting a belongs_to relation to nil and updating an unrelated attribute on the owner,
the owner should still return nil on the has_one relation.

Fixes #42597.

Michiel de Mare
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.

Dirkjan Bussink
Adds support for if_not_exists to add_foreign_key and if_exists to remove_foreign_key.

Applications can set their migrations to ignore exceptions raised when adding a foreign key
that already exists or when removing a foreign key that does not exist.

Example Usage:
```
class AddAuthorsForeignKeyToArticles &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_not_exists: true
  end
end
```
```
class RemoveAuthorsForeignKeyFromArticles &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    remove_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_exists: true
  end
end
```
Roberto Miranda
Prevent polluting ENV during postgresql structure dump/load.

Some configuration parameters were provided to pg_dump / psql via
environment variables which persisted beyond the command being run, and may
have caused subsequent commands and connections to fail. Tasks running
across multiple postgresql databases like rails db:test:prepare may have
been affected.

Samuel Cochran
Set precision 6 by default for datetime columns.

By default, datetime columns will have microseconds precision instead of seconds precision.

Roberto Miranda
Allow preloading of associations with instance dependent scopes.

John Hawthorn, John Crepezzi, Adam Hess, Eileen M. Uchitelle, Dinah Shi
Do not try to rollback transactions that failed due to a ActiveRecord::TransactionRollbackError.

Jamie McCarthy
Active Record Encryption will now encode values as UTF-8 when using deterministic
encryption. The encoding is part of the encrypted payload, so different encodings for
different values result in different ciphertexts. This can break unique constraints and
queries.

The new behavior is configurable via active_record.encryption.forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption
that is Encoding::UTF_8 by default. It can be disabled by setting it to nil.

Jorge Manrubia
The MySQL adapter now cast numbers and booleans bind parameters to string for safety reasons.

When comparing a string and a number in a query, MySQL converts the string to a number. So for
instance "foo" = 0, will implicitly cast "foo" to 0 and will evaluate to TRUE which can
lead to security vulnerabilities.

Active Record already protect against that vulnerability when it knows the type of the column
being compared, however until now it was still vulnerable when using bind parameters:
```
User.where("login_token = ?", 0).first
```
Would perform:
```
SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = 0 LIMIT 1;
```
Now it will perform:
```
SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = '0' LIMIT 1;
```
Jean Boussier
Fixture configurations (_fixture) are now strictly validated.

If an error will be raised if that entry contains unknown keys while previously it
would silently have no effects.

Jean Boussier
Add ActiveRecord::Base.update! that works like ActiveRecord::Base.update but raises exceptions.

This allows for the same behavior as the instance method #update! at a class level.
```
Person.update!(:all, state: "confirmed")
```
Dorian Marié
Add ActiveRecord::Base#attributes_for_database.

Returns attributes with values for assignment to the database.

Chris Salzberg
Use an empty query to check if the PostgreSQL connection is still active.

An empty query is faster than SELECT 1.

Heinrich Lee Yu
Add ActiveRecord::Base#previously_persisted?.

Returns true if the object has been previously persisted but now it has been deleted.
Deprecate partial_writes in favor of partial_inserts and partial_updates.

This allows to have a different behavior on update and create.

Jean Boussier
Fix compatibility with psych >= 4.

Starting in Psych 4.0.0 YAML.load behaves like YAML.safe_load. To preserve compatibility,
Active Record’s schema cache loader and YAMLColumn now uses YAML.unsafe_load if available.

Jean Boussier
ActiveRecord::Base.logger is now a class_attribute.

This means it can no longer be accessed directly through @@logger, and that setting logger =
on a subclass won’t change the parent’s logger.

Jean Boussier
Add .asc.nulls_first for all databases. Unfortunately MySQL still doesn’t like nulls_last.

Keenan Brock
Improve performance of one? and many? by limiting the generated count query to 2 results.

Gonzalo Riestra
Don’t check type when using if_not_exists on add_column.

Previously, if a migration called add_column with the if_not_exists option set to true
the column_exists? check would look for a column with the same name and type as the migration.

Recently it was discovered that the type passed to the migration is not always the same type
as the column after migration. For example a column set to :mediumblob in the migration will
be casted to binary when calling column.type. Since there is no straightforward way to cast
the type to the database type without running the migration, we opted to drop the type check from
add_column. This means that migrations adding a duplicate column with a different type will no
longer raise an error.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Log a warning message when running SQLite in production.

Using SQLite in production ENV is generally discouraged. SQLite is also the default adapter
in a new Rails application.
For the above reasons log a warning message when running SQLite in production.

The warning can be disabled by setting config.active_record.sqlite3_production_warning=false.

Jacopo Beschi
Add option to disable joins for has_one associations.

In a multiple database application, associations can’t join across
databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
more queries rather than generating joins for has_one associations.

Set the option on a has one through association:
```
class Person
  has_one :dog
  has_one :veterinarian, through: :dog, disable_joins: true
end
```
Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for @person.veterinarian:
```
SELECT "dogs"."id" FROM "dogs" WHERE "dogs"."person_id" = ?  [["person_id", 1]]
SELECT "veterinarians".* FROM "veterinarians" WHERE "veterinarians"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
```
Sarah Vessels, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Arel::Visitors::Dot now renders a complete set of properties when visiting
Arel::Nodes::SelectCore, SelectStatement, InsertStatement, UpdateStatement, and
DeleteStatement, which fixes #42026. Previously, some properties were omitted.

Mike Dalessio
Arel::Visitors::Dot now supports Arel::Nodes::Bin, Case, CurrentRow, Distinct,
DistinctOn, Else, Except, InfixOperation, Intersect, Lock, NotRegexp, Quoted,
Regexp, UnaryOperation, Union, UnionAll, When, and With. Previously, these node
types caused an exception to be raised by Arel::Visitors::Dot#accept.

Mike Dalessio
Optimize remove_columns to use a single SQL statement.
```
remove_columns :my_table, :col_one, :col_two
```
Now results in the following SQL:
```
ALTER TABLE "my_table" DROP COLUMN "col_one", DROP COLUMN "col_two"
```
Jon Dufresne
Ensure has_one autosave association callbacks get called once.

Change the has_one autosave callback to be non cyclic as well.
By doing this the autosave callback are made more consistent for
all 3 cases: has_many, has_one, and belongs_to.

Petrik de Heus
Add option to disable joins for associations.

In a multiple database application, associations can’t join across
databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
more queries rather than generating joins for associations.

Set the option on a has many through association:
```
class Dog
  has_many :treats, through: :humans, disable_joins: true
  has_many :humans
end
```
Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for @dog.treats:
```
SELECT "humans"."id" FROM "humans" WHERE "humans"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
SELECT "treats".* FROM "treats" WHERE "treats"."human_id" IN (?, ?, ?)  [["human_id", 1], ["human_id", 2], ["human_id", 3]]
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson, Lee Quarella
Add setting for enumerating column names in SELECT statements.

Adding a column to a PostgreSQL database, for example, while the application is running can
change the result of wildcard SELECT * queries, which invalidates the result
of cached prepared statements and raises a PreparedStatementCacheExpired error.

When enabled, Active Record will avoid wildcards and always include column names
in SELECT queries, which will return consistent results and avoid prepared
statement errors.

Before:
```
Book.limit(5)
# SELECT * FROM books LIMIT 5
```
After:
```
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application &lt; Rails::Application
    config.active_record.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
  end
end

# or, configure per-model
class Book &lt; ApplicationRecord
  self.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
end
```
```
Book.limit(5)
# SELECT id, author_id, name, format, status, language, etc FROM books LIMIT 5
```
Matt Duszynski
Allow passing SQL as on_duplicate value to #upsert_all to make it possible to use raw SQL to update columns on conflict:
```
Book.upsert_all(
  [{ id: 1, status: 1 }, { id: 2, status: 1 }],
  on_duplicate: Arel.sql("status = GREATEST(books.status, EXCLUDED.status)")
)
```
Vladimir Dementyev
Allow passing SQL as returning statement to #upsert_all:
```
Article.insert_all(
  [
    { title: "Article 1", slug: "article-1", published: false },
    { title: "Article 2", slug: "article-2", published: false }
  ],
  returning: Arel.sql("id, (xmax = '0') as inserted, name as new_name")
)
```
Vladimir Dementyev
Deprecate legacy_connection_handling.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Add attribute encryption support.

Encrypted attributes are declared at the model level. These
are regular Active Record attributes backed by a column with
the same name. The system will transparently encrypt these
attributes before saving them into the database and will
decrypt them when retrieving their values.
```
class Person &lt; ApplicationRecord
  encrypts :name
  encrypts :email_address, deterministic: true
end
```
You can learn more in the Active Record Encryption
guide.

Jorge Manrubia
Changed Arel predications contains and overlaps to use
quoted_node so that PostgreSQL arrays are quoted properly.

Bradley Priest
Add mode argument to record level strict_loading!.

This argument can be used when enabling strict loading for a single record
to specify that we only want to raise on n plus one queries.
```
developer.strict_loading!(mode: :n_plus_one_only)

developer.projects.to_a # Does not raise
developer.projects.first.client # Raises StrictLoadingViolationError
```
Previously, enabling strict loading would cause any lazily loaded
association to raise an error. Using n_plus_one_only mode allows us to
lazily load belongs_to, has_many, and other associations that are fetched
through a single query.

Dinah Shi
Fix Float::INFINITY assignment to datetime column with postgresql adapter.

Before:
```
# With this config
ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true

# and the following schema:
create_table "postgresql_infinities" do |t|
  t.datetime "datetime"
end

# This test fails
record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime # record.datetime gets nil
```
After this commit, record.datetime gets Float::INFINITY as expected.

Shunichi Ikegami
Type cast enum values by the original attribute type.

The notable thing about this change is that unknown labels will no longer match 0 on MySQL.
```
class Book &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  enum :status, { proposed: 0, written: 1, published: 2 }
end
```
Before:
```
# SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` = 'prohibited' LIMIT 1
Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
# =&gt; # (for mysql2 adapter)
# =&gt; ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "prohibited" (for postgresql adapter)
# =&gt; nil (for sqlite3 adapter)
```
After:
```
# SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` IS NULL LIMIT 1
Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
# =&gt; nil (for all adapters)
```
Ryuta Kamizono
Fixtures for has_many :through associations now load timestamps on join tables.

Given this fixture:
```
### monkeys.yml
george:
  name: George the Monkey
  fruits: apple

### fruits.yml
apple:
  name: apple
```
If the join table (fruit_monkeys) contains created_at or updated_at columns,
these will now be populated when loading the fixture. Previously, fixture loading
would crash if these columns were required, and leave them as null otherwise.

Alex Ghiculescu
Allow applications to configure the thread pool for async queries.

Some applications may want one thread pool per database whereas others want to use
a single global thread pool for all queries. By default, Rails will set async_query_executor
to nil which will not initialize any executor. If load_async is called and no executor
has been configured, the query will be executed in the foreground.

To create one thread pool for all database connections to use applications can set
config.active_record.async_query_executor to :global_thread_pool and optionally define
config.active_record.global_executor_concurrency. This defaults to 4. For applications that want
to have a thread pool for each database connection, config.active_record.async_query_executor can
be set to :multi_thread_pool. The configuration for each thread pool is set in the database
configuration.

Eileen M. Uchitelle
Allow new syntax for enum to avoid leading _ from reserved options.

Before:
```
class Book &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  enum status: [ :proposed, :written ], _prefix: true, _scopes: false
  enum cover: [ :hard, :soft ], _suffix: true, _default: :hard
end
```
After:
```
class Book &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
  enum :status, [ :proposed, :written ], prefix: true, scopes: false
  enum :cover, [ :hard, :soft ], suffix: true, default: :hard
end
```
Ryuta Kamizono
Add ActiveRecord::Relation#load_async.

This method schedules the query to be performed asynchronously from a thread pool.

If the result is accessed before a background thread had the opportunity to perform
the query, it will be performed in the foreground.

This is useful for queries that can be performed long enough before their result will be
needed, or for controllers which need to perform several independent queries.
```
def index
  @categories = Category.some_complex_scope.load_async
  @posts = Post.some_complex_scope.load_async
end
```
Active Record logs will also include timing info for the duration of how long
the main thread had to wait to access the result. This timing is useful to know
whether or not it’s worth to load the query asynchronously.
```
DEBUG -- :   Category Load (62.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `categories` LIMIT 50
DEBUG -- :   ASYNC Post Load (64ms) (db time 126.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `posts` LIMIT 100
```
The duration in the first set of parens is how long the main thread was blocked
waiting for the results, and the second set of parens with “db time” is how long
the entire query took to execute.

Jean Boussier
Implemented ActiveRecord::Relation#excluding method.

This method excludes the specified record (or collection of records) from
the resulting relation:
```
Post.excluding(post)
Post.excluding(post_one, post_two)
```
Also works on associations:
```
post.comments.excluding(comment)
post.comments.excluding(comment_one, comment_two)
```
This is short-hand for Post.where.not(id: post.id) (for a single record)
and Post.where.not(id: [post_one.id, post_two.id]) (for a collection).

Glen Crawford
Skip optimised #exist? query when #include? is called on a relation
with a having clause.

Relations that have aliased select values AND a having clause that
references an aliased select value would generate an error when

include? was called, due to an optimisation that would generate

call #exists? on the relation instead, which effectively alters
the select values of the query (and thus removes the aliased select
values), but leaves the having clause intact. Because the having
clause is then referencing an aliased column that is no longer
present in the simplified query, an ActiveRecord::InvalidStatement
error was raised.

A sample query affected by this problem:
```
Author.select('COUNT(*) as total_posts', 'authors.*')
      .joins(:posts)
      .group(:id)
      .having('total_posts &gt; 2')
      .include?(Author.first)
```
This change adds an addition check to the condition that skips the
simplified #exists? query, which simply checks for the presence of
a having clause.

Fixes #41417.

Michael Smart
Increment postgres prepared statement counter before making a prepared statement, so if the statement is aborted
without Rails knowledge (e.g., if app gets killed during long-running query or due to Rack::Timeout), app won’t end
up in perpetual crash state for being inconsistent with PostgreSQL.

wbharding, Martin Tepper
Add ability to apply scoping to all_queries.

Some applications may want to use the scoping method but previously it only
worked on certain types of queries. This change allows the scoping method to apply
to all queries for a model in a block.
```
Post.where(blog_id: post.blog_id).scoping(all_queries: true) do
  post.update(title: "a post title") # adds `posts.blog_id = 1` to the query
end
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle
ActiveRecord::Calculations.calculate called with :average
(aliased as ActiveRecord::Calculations.average) will now use column-based
type casting. This means that floating-point number columns will now be
aggregated as Float and decimal columns will be aggregated as BigDecimal.

Integers are handled as a special case returning BigDecimal always
(this was the case before already).
```
# With the following schema:
create_table "measurements" do |t|
  t.float "temperature"
end

# Before:
Measurement.average(:temperature).class
# =&gt; BigDecimal

# After:
Measurement.average(:temperature).class
# =&gt; Float
```
Before this change, Rails just called to_d on average aggregates from the
database adapter. This is not the case anymore. If you relied on that kind
of magic, you now need to register your own ActiveRecord::Type
(see ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods for documentation).

Josua Schmid
PostgreSQL: introduce ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type.

This setting controls what native type Active Record should use when you call datetime in
a migration or schema. It takes a symbol which must correspond to one of the configured
NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES. The default is :timestamp, meaning t.datetime in a migration
will create a “timestamp without time zone” column. To use “timestamp with time zone”,
change this to :timestamptz in an initializer.

You should run bin/rails db:migrate to rebuild your schema.rb if you change this.

Alex Ghiculescu
PostgreSQL: handle timestamp with time zone columns correctly in schema.rb.

Previously they dumped as t.datetime :column_name, now they dump as t.timestamptz :column_name,
and are created as timestamptz columns when the schema is loaded.

Alex Ghiculescu
Removing trailing whitespace when matching columns in
ActiveRecord::Sanitization.disallow_raw_sql!.

Gannon McGibbon, Adrian Hirt
Expose a way for applications to set a primary_abstract_class.

Multiple database applications that use a primary abstract class that is not
named ApplicationRecord can now set a specific class to be the primary_abstract_class.
```
class PrimaryApplicationRecord
  self.primary_abstract_class
end
```
When an application boots it automatically connects to the primary or first database in the
database configuration file. In a multiple database application that then call connects_to
needs to know that the default connection is the same as the ApplicationRecord connection.
However, some applications have a differently named ApplicationRecord. This prevents Active
Record from opening duplicate connections to the same database.

Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Support hash config for structure_dump_flags and structure_load_flags flags.
Now that Active Record supports multiple databases configuration,
we need a way to pass specific flags for dump/load databases since
the options are not the same for different adapters.
We can use in the original way:
```
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table']
# or
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = '--no-defaults --skip-add-drop-table'
```
And also use it passing a hash, with one or more keys, where the key
is the adapter
```
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = {
  mysql2: ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table'],
  postgres: '--no-tablespaces'
}
```
Gustavo Gonzalez
Connection specification now passes the “url” key as a configuration for the
adapter if the “url” protocol is “jdbc”, “http”, or “https”. Previously only
urls with the “jdbc” prefix were passed to the Active Record Adapter, others
are assumed to be adapter specification urls.

Fixes #41137.

Jonathan Bracy
Allow to opt-out of strict_loading mode on a per-record base.

This is useful when strict loading is enabled application wide or on a
model level.
```
class User &lt; ApplicationRecord
  has_many :bookmarks
  has_many :articles, strict_loading: true
end

user = User.first
user.articles                        # =&gt; ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
user.bookmarks                       # =&gt; #

user.strict_loading!(true)           # =&gt; true
user.bookmarks                       # =&gt; ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError

user.strict_loading!(false)          # =&gt; false
user.bookmarks                       # =&gt; #
user.articles.strict_loading!(false) # =&gt; #
```
Ayrton De Craene
Add FinderMethods#sole and #find_sole_by to find and assert the
presence of exactly one record.

Used when you need a single row, but also want to assert that there aren’t
multiple rows matching the condition; especially for when database
constraints aren’t enough or are impractical.
```
Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole
# =&gt; ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound      (if no Product with given price)
# =&gt; #                    (if one Product with given price)
# =&gt; ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded  (if more than one Product with given price)

user.api_keys.find_sole_by(key: key)
# as above
```
Asherah Connor
Makes ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Query respect the getter overrides defined in the model.

Before:
```
class User
  def admin
    false # Overriding the getter to always return false
  end
end

user = User.first
user.update(admin: true)

user.admin # false (as expected, due to the getter overwrite)
user.admin? # true (not expected, returned the DB column value)
```
After this commit, user.admin? above returns false, as expected.

Fixes #40771.

Felipe
Allow delegated_type to be specified primary_key and foreign_key.

Since delegated_type assumes that the foreign_key ends with _id,
singular_id defined by it does not work when the foreign_key does
not end with id. This change fixes it by taking into account
primary_key and foreign_key in the options.

Ryota Egusa
Expose an invert_where method that will invert all scope conditions.
```
class User
  scope :active, -&gt; { where(accepted: true, locked: false) }
end

User.active
# ... WHERE `accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0

User.active.invert_where
# ... WHERE NOT (`accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0)
```
Kevin Deisz
Restore possibility of passing false to :polymorphic option of belongs_to.

Previously, passing false would trigger the option validation logic
to throw an error saying :polymorphic would not be a valid option.

glaszig
Remove deprecated database kwarg from connected_to.

Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Allow adding nonnamed expression indexes to be revertible.

Previously, the following code would raise an error, when executed while rolling back,
and the index name should be specified explicitly. Now, the index name is inferred
automatically.
```
add_index(:items, "to_tsvector('english', description)")
```
Fixes #40732.

fatkodima
Only warn about negative enums if a positive form that would cause conflicts exists.

Fixes #39065.

Alex Ghiculescu
Add option to run default_scope on all queries.

Previously, a default_scope would only run on select or insert queries. In some cases, like non-Rails tenant sharding solutions, it may be desirable to run default_scope on all queries in order to ensure queries are including a foreign key for the shard (i.e. blog_id).

Now applications can add an option to run on all queries including select, insert, delete, and update by adding an all_queries option to the default scope definition.
```
class Article &lt; ApplicationRecord
  default_scope -&gt; { where(blog_id: Current.blog.id) }, all_queries: true
end
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Add where.associated to check for the presence of an association.
```
# Before:
account.users.joins(:contact).where.not(contact_id: nil)

# After:
account.users.where.associated(:contact)
```
Also mirrors where.missing.

Kasper Timm Hansen
Allow constructors (build_association and create_association) on
has_one :through associations.

Santiago Perez Perret

Please check 6-1-stable for previous changes.

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include? was called, due to an optimisation that would generate

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