# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'stringio'
require_relative 'thread_pool'
require_relative 'const'
require_relative 'log_writer'
require_relative 'events'
require_relative 'null_io'
require_relative 'reactor'
require_relative 'client'
require_relative 'binder'
require_relative 'util'
require_relative 'request'
require 'socket'
require 'io/wait' unless Puma::HAS_NATIVE_IO_WAIT
require 'forwardable'
module Puma
# The HTTP Server itself. Serves out a single Rack app.
#
# This class is used by the `Puma::Single` and `Puma::Cluster` classes
# to generate one or more `Puma::Server` instances capable of handling requests.
# Each Puma process will contain one `Puma::Server` instance.
#
# The `Puma::Server` instance pulls requests from the socket, adds them to a
# `Puma::Reactor` where they get eventually passed to a `Puma::ThreadPool`.
#
# Each `Puma::Server` will have one reactor and one thread pool.
class Server
include Puma::Const
include Request
extend Forwardable
attr_reader :thread
attr_reader :log_writer
attr_reader :events
attr_reader :min_threads, :max_threads # for #stats
attr_reader :requests_count # @version 5.0.0
# @todo the following may be deprecated in the future
attr_reader :auto_trim_time, :early_hints, :first_data_timeout,
:leak_stack_on_error,
:persistent_timeout, :reaping_time
attr_accessor :app
attr_accessor :binder
def_delegators :@binder, :add_tcp_listener, :add_ssl_listener,
:add_unix_listener, :connected_ports
THREAD_LOCAL_KEY = :puma_server
# Create a server for the rack app +app+.
#
# +log_writer+ is a Puma::LogWriter object used to log info and error messages.
#
# +events+ is a Puma::Events object used to notify application status events.
#
# Server#run returns a thread that you can join on to wait for the server
# to do its work.
#
# @note Several instance variables exist so they are available for testing,
# and have default values set via +fetch+. Normally the values are set via
# `::Puma::Configuration.puma_default_options`.
#
# @note The `events` parameter is set to nil, and set to `Events.new` in code.
# Often `options` needs to be passed, but `events` does not. Using nil allows
# calling code to not require events.rb.
#
def initialize(app, events = nil, options = {})
@app = app
@events = events || Events.new
@check, @notify = nil
@status = :stop
@thread = nil
@thread_pool = nil
@options = if options.is_a?(UserFileDefaultOptions)
options
else
UserFileDefaultOptions.new(options, Configuration::DEFAULTS)
end
@log_writer = @options.fetch :log_writer, LogWriter.stdio
@early_hints = @options[:early_hints]
@first_data_timeout = @options[:first_data_timeout]
@min_threads = @options[:min_threads]
@max_threads = @options[:max_threads]
@persistent_timeout = @options[:persistent_timeout]
@queue_requests = @options[:queue_requests]
@max_fast_inline = @options[:max_fast_inline]
@io_selector_backend = @options[:io_selector_backend]
@http_content_length_limit = @options[:http_content_length_limit]
# make this a hash, since we prefer `key?` over `include?`
@supported_http_methods =
if @options[:supported_http_methods] == :any
:any
else
if (ary = @options[:supported_http_methods])
ary
else
SUPPORTED_HTTP_METHODS
end.sort.product([nil]).to_h.freeze
end
temp = !!(@options[:environment] =~ /\A(development|test)\z/)
@leak_stack_on_error = @options[:environment] ? temp : true
@binder = Binder.new(log_writer)
ENV['RACK_ENV'] ||= "development"
@mode = :http
@precheck_closing = true
@requests_count = 0
end
def inherit_binder(bind)
@binder = bind
end
class << self
# @!attribute [r] current
def current
Thread.current[THREAD_LOCAL_KEY]
end
# :nodoc:
# @version 5.0.0
def tcp_cork_supported?
Socket.const_defined?(:TCP_CORK) && Socket.const_defined?(:IPPROTO_TCP)
end
# :nodoc:
# @version 5.0.0
def closed_socket_supported?
Socket.const_defined?(:TCP_INFO) && Socket.const_defined?(:IPPROTO_TCP)
end
private :tcp_cork_supported?
private :closed_socket_supported?
end
# On Linux, use TCP_CORK to better control how the TCP stack
# packetizes our stream. This improves both latency and throughput.
# socket parameter may be an MiniSSL::Socket, so use to_io
#
if tcp_cork_supported?
# 6 == Socket::IPPROTO_TCP
# 3 == TCP_CORK
# 1/0 == turn on/off
def cork_socket(socket)
skt = socket.to_io
begin
skt.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_CORK, 1) if skt.kind_of? TCPSocket
rescue IOError, SystemCallError
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
end
end
def uncork_socket(socket)
skt = socket.to_io
begin
skt.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_CORK, 0) if skt.kind_of? TCPSocket
rescue IOError, SystemCallError
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
end
end
else
def cork_socket(socket)
end
def uncork_socket(socket)
end
end
if closed_socket_supported?
UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO = "C".freeze
def closed_socket?(socket)
skt = socket.to_io
return false unless skt.kind_of?(TCPSocket) && @precheck_closing
begin
tcp_info = skt.getsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_INFO)
rescue IOError, SystemCallError
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
@precheck_closing = false
false
else
state = tcp_info.unpack(UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO)[0]
# TIME_WAIT: 6, CLOSE: 7, CLOSE_WAIT: 8, LAST_ACK: 9, CLOSING: 11
(state >= 6 && state <= 9) || state == 11
end
end
else
def closed_socket?(socket)
false
end
end
# @!attribute [r] backlog
def backlog
@thread_pool&.backlog
end
# @!attribute [r] running
def running
@thread_pool&.spawned
end
# This number represents the number of requests that
# the server is capable of taking right now.
#
# For example if the number is 5 then it means
# there are 5 threads sitting idle ready to take
# a request. If one request comes in, then the
# value would be 4 until it finishes processing.
# @!attribute [r] pool_capacity
def pool_capacity
@thread_pool&.pool_capacity
end
# Runs the server.
#
# If +background+ is true (the default) then a thread is spun
# up in the background to handle requests. Otherwise requests
# are handled synchronously.
#
def run(background=true, thread_name: 'srv')
BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
@events.fire :state, :booting
@status = :run
@thread_pool = ThreadPool.new(thread_name, @options) { |client| process_client client }
if @queue_requests
@reactor = Reactor.new(@io_selector_backend) { |c| reactor_wakeup c }
@reactor.run
end
@thread_pool.auto_reap! if @options[:reaping_time]
@thread_pool.auto_trim! if @options[:auto_trim_time]
@check, @notify = Puma::Util.pipe unless @notify
@events.fire :state, :running
if background
@thread = Thread.new do
Puma.set_thread_name thread_name
handle_servers
end
return @thread
else
handle_servers
end
end
# This method is called from the Reactor thread when a queued Client receives data,
# times out, or when the Reactor is shutting down.
#
# It is responsible for ensuring that a request has been completely received
# before it starts to be processed by the ThreadPool. This may be known as read buffering.
# If read buffering is not done, and no other read buffering is performed (such as by an application server
# such as nginx) then the application would be subject to a slow client attack.
#
# For a graphical representation of how the request buffer works see [architecture.md](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/architecture.md#connection-pipeline).
#
# The method checks to see if it has the full header and body with
# the `Puma::Client#try_to_finish` method. If the full request has been sent,
# then the request is passed to the ThreadPool (`@thread_pool << client`)
# so that a "worker thread" can pick up the request and begin to execute application logic.
# The Client is then removed from the reactor (return `true`).
#
# If a client object times out, a 408 response is written, its connection is closed,
# and the object is removed from the reactor (return `true`).
#
# If the Reactor is shutting down, all Clients are either timed out or passed to the
# ThreadPool, depending on their current state (#can_close?).
#
# Otherwise, if the full request is not ready then the client will remain in the reactor
# (return `false`). When the client sends more data to the socket the `Puma::Client` object
# will wake up and again be checked to see if it's ready to be passed to the thread pool.
def reactor_wakeup(client)
shutdown = !@queue_requests
if client.try_to_finish || (shutdown && !client.can_close?)
@thread_pool << client
elsif shutdown || client.timeout == 0
client.timeout!
else
client.set_timeout(@first_data_timeout)
false
end
rescue StandardError => e
client_error(e, client)
client.close
true
end
def handle_servers
begin
check = @check
sockets = [check] + @binder.ios
pool = @thread_pool
queue_requests = @queue_requests
drain = @options[:drain_on_shutdown] ? 0 : nil
addr_send_name, addr_value = case @options[:remote_address]
when :value
[:peerip=, @options[:remote_address_value]]
when :header
[:remote_addr_header=, @options[:remote_address_header]]
when :proxy_protocol
[:expect_proxy_proto=, @options[:remote_address_proxy_protocol]]
else
[nil, nil]
end
while @status == :run || (drain && shutting_down?)
begin
ios = IO.select sockets, nil, nil, (shutting_down? ? 0 : nil)
break unless ios
ios.first.each do |sock|
if sock == check
break if handle_check
else
pool.wait_until_not_full
pool.wait_for_less_busy_worker(@options[:wait_for_less_busy_worker])
io = begin
sock.accept_nonblock
rescue IO::WaitReadable
next
end
drain += 1 if shutting_down?
pool << Client.new(io, @binder.env(sock)).tap { |c|
c.listener = sock
c.http_content_length_limit = @http_content_length_limit
c.send(addr_send_name, addr_value) if addr_value
}
end
end
rescue IOError, Errno::EBADF
# In the case that any of the sockets are unexpectedly close.
raise
rescue StandardError => e
@log_writer.unknown_error e, nil, "Listen loop"
end
end
@log_writer.debug "Drained #{drain} additional connections." if drain
@events.fire :state, @status
if queue_requests
@queue_requests = false
@reactor.shutdown
end
graceful_shutdown if @status == :stop || @status == :restart
rescue Exception => e
@log_writer.unknown_error e, nil, "Exception handling servers"
ensure
# Errno::EBADF is infrequently raised
[@check, @notify].each do |io|
begin
io.close unless io.closed?
rescue Errno::EBADF
end
end
@notify = nil
@check = nil
end
@events.fire :state, :done
end
# :nodoc:
def handle_check
cmd = @check.read(1)
case cmd
when STOP_COMMAND
@status = :stop
return true
when HALT_COMMAND
@status = :halt
return true
when RESTART_COMMAND
@status = :restart
return true
end
false
end
# Given a connection on +client+, handle the incoming requests,
# or queue the connection in the Reactor if no request is available.
#
# This method is called from a ThreadPool worker thread.
#
# This method supports HTTP Keep-Alive so it may, depending on if the client
# indicates that it supports keep alive, wait for another request before
# returning.
#
# Return true if one or more requests were processed.
def process_client(client)
# Advertise this server into the thread
Thread.current[THREAD_LOCAL_KEY] = self
clean_thread_locals = @options[:clean_thread_locals]
close_socket = true
requests = 0
begin
if @queue_requests &&
!client.eagerly_finish
client.set_timeout(@first_data_timeout)
if @reactor.add client
close_socket = false
return false
end
end
with_force_shutdown(client) do
client.finish(@first_data_timeout)
end
while true
@requests_count += 1
case handle_request(client, requests + 1)
when false
break
when :async
close_socket = false
break
when true
ThreadPool.clean_thread_locals if clean_thread_locals
requests += 1
# As an optimization, try to read the next request from the
# socket for a short time before returning to the reactor.
fast_check = @status == :run
# Always pass the client back to the reactor after a reasonable
# number of inline requests if there are other requests pending.
fast_check = false if requests >= @max_fast_inline &&
@thread_pool.backlog > 0
next_request_ready = with_force_shutdown(client) do
client.reset(fast_check)
end
unless next_request_ready
break unless @queue_requests
client.set_timeout @persistent_timeout
if @reactor.add client
close_socket = false
break
end
end
end
end
true
rescue StandardError => e
client_error(e, client)
# The ensure tries to close +client+ down
requests > 0
ensure
client.io_buffer.reset
begin
client.close if close_socket
rescue IOError, SystemCallError
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
# Already closed
rescue StandardError => e
@log_writer.unknown_error e, nil, "Client"
end
end
end
# Triggers a client timeout if the thread-pool shuts down
# during execution of the provided block.
def with_force_shutdown(client, &block)
@thread_pool.with_force_shutdown(&block)
rescue ThreadPool::ForceShutdown
client.timeout!
end
# :nocov:
# Handle various error types thrown by Client I/O operations.
def client_error(e, client)
# Swallow, do not log
return if [ConnectionError, EOFError].include?(e.class)
lowlevel_error(e, client.env)
case e
when MiniSSL::SSLError
@log_writer.ssl_error e, client.io
when HttpParserError
client.write_error(400)
@log_writer.parse_error e, client
when HttpParserError501
client.write_error(501)
@log_writer.parse_error e, client
else
client.write_error(500)
@log_writer.unknown_error e, nil, "Read"
end
end
# A fallback rack response if +@app+ raises as exception.
#
def lowlevel_error(e, env, status=500)
if handler = @options[:lowlevel_error_handler]
if handler.arity == 1
return handler.call(e)
elsif handler.arity == 2
return handler.call(e, env)
else
return handler.call(e, env, status)
end
end
if @leak_stack_on_error
backtrace = e.backtrace.nil? ? '<no backtrace available>' : e.backtrace.join("\n")
[status, {}, ["Puma caught this error: #{e.message} (#{e.class})\n#{backtrace}"]]
else
[status, {}, ["An unhandled lowlevel error occurred. The application logs may have details.\n"]]
end
end
# Wait for all outstanding requests to finish.
#
def graceful_shutdown
if @options[:shutdown_debug]
threads = Thread.list
total = threads.size
pid = Process.pid
$stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === Begin thread backtrace dump ===\n"
threads.each_with_index do |t,i|
$stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: Thread #{i+1}/#{total}: #{t.inspect}\n"
$stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: #{t.backtrace.join("\n#{pid}: ")}\n\n"
end
$stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === End thread backtrace dump ===\n"
end
if @status != :restart
@binder.close
end
if @thread_pool
if timeout = @options[:force_shutdown_after]
@thread_pool.shutdown timeout.to_f
else
@thread_pool.shutdown
end
end
end
def notify_safely(message)
@notify << message
rescue IOError, NoMethodError, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::EBADF
# The server, in another thread, is shutting down
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
rescue RuntimeError => e
# Temporary workaround for https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13239
if e.message.include?('IOError')
Puma::Util.purge_interrupt_queue
else
raise e
end
end
private :notify_safely
# Stops the acceptor thread and then causes the worker threads to finish
# off the request queue before finally exiting.
def stop(sync=false)
notify_safely(STOP_COMMAND)
@thread.join if @thread && sync
end
def halt(sync=false)
notify_safely(HALT_COMMAND)
@thread.join if @thread && sync
end
def begin_restart(sync=false)
notify_safely(RESTART_COMMAND)
@thread.join if @thread && sync
end
def shutting_down?
@status == :stop || @status == :restart
end
# List of methods invoked by #stats.
# @version 5.0.0
STAT_METHODS = [:backlog, :running, :pool_capacity, :max_threads, :requests_count].freeze
# Returns a hash of stats about the running server for reporting purposes.
# @version 5.0.0
# @!attribute [r] stats
def stats
STAT_METHODS.map {|name| [name, send(name) || 0]}.to_h
end
end
end