module Rails::ConsoleMethods

def app(create=false)

instance, pass a non-false value as the parameter.
reference the global "app" instance, created on demand. To recreate the 
def app(create=false)
  @app_integration_instance = nil if create
  @app_integration_instance ||= new_session do |sess|
    sess.host! "www.example.com"
  end
end

def controller 

def controller
  @controller ||= ApplicationController.new
end

def helper 

def helper
  @helper ||= ApplicationController.helpers
end

def new_session

to the block before being returned.
create a new session. If a block is given, the new session will be yielded 
def new_session
  app = Rails.application
  session = ActionDispatch::Integration::Session.new(app)
  yield session if block_given?
  session
end

def reload!(print=true)

reloads the environment 
def reload!(print=true)
  puts "Reloading..." if print
  ActionDispatch::Reloader.cleanup!
  ActionDispatch::Reloader.prepare!
  true
end