class Sass::Engine

puts output
output = sass_engine.render
sass_engine = Sass::Engine.new(template)
template = File.load(‘stylesheets/sassy.sass’)
Example usage:
This class handles the parsing and compilation of the Sass template.

def self.for_file(filename, options)

Raises:
  • (Sass::SyntaxError) - if there's an error in the document.

Returns:
  • (Sass::Engine) - The Engine for the given Sass or SCSS file.

Parameters:
  • options ({Symbol => Object}) -- The options hash;
  • filename (String) -- The path to the Sass or SCSS file
def self.for_file(filename, options)
  had_syntax = options[:syntax]
  if had_syntax
    # Use what was explicitly specificed
  elsif filename =~ /\.scss$/
    options.merge!(:syntax => :scss)
  elsif filename =~ /\.sass$/
    options.merge!(:syntax => :sass)
  end
  Sass::Engine.new(File.read(filename), options.merge(:filename => filename))
end

def self.normalize_options(options)

Other tags:
    Private: -

Returns:
  • ({Symbol => Object}) - The normalized options hash.

Parameters:
  • options ({Symbol => Object}) -- The options hash;
def self.normalize_options(options)
  options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options.reject {|k, v| v.nil?})
  # If the `:filename` option is passed in without an importer,
  # assume it's using the default filesystem importer.
  options[:importer] ||= options[:filesystem_importer].new(".") if options[:filename]
  # Tracks the original filename of the top-level Sass file
  options[:original_filename] ||= options[:filename]
  options[:cache_store] ||= Sass::CacheStores::Chain.new(
    Sass::CacheStores::Memory.new, Sass::CacheStores::Filesystem.new(options[:cache_location]))
  # Support both, because the docs said one and the other actually worked
  # for quite a long time.
  options[:line_comments] ||= options[:line_numbers]
  options[:load_paths] = (options[:load_paths] + Sass.load_paths).map do |p|
    next p unless p.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && p.is_a?(Pathname))
    options[:filesystem_importer].new(p.to_s)
  end
  # Backwards compatibility
  options[:property_syntax] ||= options[:attribute_syntax]
  case options[:property_syntax]
  when :alternate; options[:property_syntax] = :new
  when :normal; options[:property_syntax] = :old
  end
  options
end

def self.parse_interp(text, line, offset, options)

Other tags:
    Private: -
def self.parse_interp(text, line, offset, options)
  res = []
  rest = Sass::Shared.handle_interpolation text do |scan|
    escapes = scan[2].size
    res << scan.matched[0...-2 - escapes]
    if escapes % 2 == 1
      res << "\\" * (escapes - 1) << '#{'
    else
      res << "\\" * [0, escapes - 1].max
      res << Script::Parser.new(
        scan, line, offset + scan.pos - scan.matched_size, options).
        parse_interpolated
    end
  end
  res << rest
end

def _dependencies(seen, engines)

Other tags:
    Private: -
def _dependencies(seen, engines)
  return if seen.include?(key = [@options[:filename], @options[:importer]])
  seen << key
  engines << self
  to_tree.grep(Tree::ImportNode) do |n|
    next if n.css_import?
    n.imported_file._dependencies(seen, engines)
  end
end

def _render

def _render
  rendered = _to_tree.render
  return rendered if ruby1_8?
  begin
    # Try to convert the result to the original encoding,
    # but if that doesn't work fall back on UTF-8
    rendered = rendered.encode(source_encoding)
  rescue EncodingError
  end
  rendered.gsub(Regexp.new('\A@charset "(.*?)"'.encode(source_encoding)),
    "@charset \"#{source_encoding.name}\"".encode(source_encoding))
end

def _to_tree

def _to_tree
  if (@options[:cache] || @options[:read_cache]) &&
      @options[:filename] && @options[:importer]
    key = sassc_key
    sha = Digest::SHA1.hexdigest(@template)
    if root = @options[:cache_store].retrieve(key, sha)
      root.options = @options
      return root
    end
  end
  check_encoding!
  if @options[:syntax] == :scss
    root = Sass::SCSS::Parser.new(@template, @options[:filename]).parse
  else
    root = Tree::RootNode.new(@template)
    append_children(root, tree(tabulate(@template)).first, true)
  end
  root.options = @options
  if @options[:cache] && key && sha
    begin
      old_options = root.options
      root.options = {}
      @options[:cache_store].store(key, sha, root)
    ensure
      root.options = old_options
    end
  end
  root
rescue SyntaxError => e
  e.modify_backtrace(:filename => @options[:filename], :line => @line)
  e.sass_template = @template
  raise e
end

def append_children(parent, children, root)

def append_children(parent, children, root)
  continued_rule = nil
  continued_comment = nil
  children.each do |line|
    child = build_tree(parent, line, root)
    if child.is_a?(Tree::RuleNode)
      if child.continued? && child.children.empty?
        if continued_rule
          continued_rule.add_rules child
        else
          continued_rule = child
        end
        next
      elsif continued_rule
        continued_rule.add_rules child
        continued_rule.children = child.children
        continued_rule, child = nil, continued_rule
      end
    elsif continued_rule
      continued_rule = nil
    end
    if child.is_a?(Tree::CommentNode) && child.type == :silent
      if continued_comment &&
          child.line == continued_comment.line +
          continued_comment.lines + 1
        continued_comment.value += ["\n"] + child.value
        next
      end
      continued_comment = child
    end
    check_for_no_children(child)
    validate_and_append_child(parent, child, line, root)
  end
  parent
end

def build_tree(parent, line, root = false)

def build_tree(parent, line, root = false)
  @line = line.index
  node_or_nodes = parse_line(parent, line, root)
  Array(node_or_nodes).each do |node|
    # Node is a symbol if it's non-outputting, like a variable assignment
    next unless node.is_a? Tree::Node
    node.line = line.index
    node.filename = line.filename
    append_children(node, line.children, false)
  end
  node_or_nodes
end

def check_encoding!

def check_encoding!
  return if @checked_encoding
  @checked_encoding = true
  @template, @original_encoding = check_sass_encoding(@template) do |msg, line|
    raise Sass::SyntaxError.new(msg, :line => line)
  end
end

def check_for_no_children(node)

def check_for_no_children(node)
  return unless node.is_a?(Tree::RuleNode) && node.children.empty?
  Sass::Util.sass_warn(<<WARNING.strip)
ING on line #{node.line}#{" of #{node.filename}" if node.filename}:
 selector doesn't have any properties and will not be rendered.
ING
end

def dependencies

Returns:
  • ([Sass::Engine]) - The dependency documents.
def dependencies
  _dependencies(Set.new, engines = Set.new)
  engines - [self]
end

def format_comment_text(text, silent)

def format_comment_text(text, silent)
  content = text.split("\n")
  if content.first && content.first.strip.empty?
    removed_first = true
    content.shift
  end
  return silent ? "//" : "/* */" if content.empty?
  content.last.gsub!(%r{ ?\*/ *$}, '')
  content.map! {|l| l.gsub!(/^\*( ?)/, '\1') || (l.empty? ? "" : " ") + l}
  content.first.gsub!(/^ /, '') unless removed_first
  if silent
    "//" + content.join("\n//")
  else
    # The #gsub fixes the case of a trailing */
    "/*" + content.join("\n *").gsub(/ \*\Z/, '') + " */"
  end
end

def initialize(template, options={})

Other tags:
    See: {Sass::Plugin} -
    See: {Sass::Engine.for_file} -

Parameters:
  • options ({Symbol => Object}) -- An options hash.
  • template (String) -- The Sass template.
def initialize(template, options={})
  @options = self.class.normalize_options(options)
  @template = template
end

def parse_comment(line)

def parse_comment(line)
  if line.text[1] == CSS_COMMENT_CHAR || line.text[1] == SASS_COMMENT_CHAR
    silent = line.text[1] == SASS_COMMENT_CHAR
    loud = !silent && line.text[2] == SASS_LOUD_COMMENT_CHAR
    if silent
      value = [line.text]
    else
      value = self.class.parse_interp(line.text, line.index, line.offset, :filename => @filename)
      value[0].slice!(2) if loud # get rid of the "!"
    end
    value = with_extracted_values(value) do |str|
      str = str.gsub(/^#{line.comment_tab_str}/m, '')[2..-1] # get rid of // or /*
      format_comment_text(str, silent)
    end
    type = if silent then :silent elsif loud then :loud else :normal end
    Tree::CommentNode.new(value, type)
  else
    Tree::RuleNode.new(parse_interp(line.text))
  end
end

def parse_content_directive(line)

def parse_content_directive(line)
  trailing = line.text.scan(CONTENT_RE).first.first
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid content directive. Trailing characters found: \"#{trailing}\".") unless trailing.nil?
  raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath @content directives.",
    :line => line.index + 1) unless line.children.empty?
  Tree::ContentNode.new
end

def parse_directive(parent, line, root)

def parse_directive(parent, line, root)
  directive, whitespace, value = line.text[1..-1].split(/(\s+)/, 2)
  offset = directive.size + whitespace.size + 1 if whitespace
  # If value begins with url( or ",
  # it's a CSS @import rule and we don't want to touch it.
  case directive
  when 'import'
    parse_import(line, value, offset)
  when 'mixin'
    parse_mixin_definition(line)
  when 'content'
    parse_content_directive(line)
  when 'include'
    parse_mixin_include(line, root)
  when 'function'
    parse_function(line, root)
  when 'for'
    parse_for(line, root, value)
  when 'each'
    parse_each(line, root, value)
  when 'else'
    parse_else(parent, line, value)
  when 'while'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid while directive '@while': expected expression.") unless value
    Tree::WhileNode.new(parse_script(value, :offset => offset))
  when 'if'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid if directive '@if': expected expression.") unless value
    Tree::IfNode.new(parse_script(value, :offset => offset))
  when 'debug'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid debug directive '@debug': expected expression.") unless value
    raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath debug directives.",
      :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
    offset = line.offset + line.text.index(value).to_i
    Tree::DebugNode.new(parse_script(value, :offset => offset))
  when 'extend'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid extend directive '@extend': expected expression.") unless value
    raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath extend directives.",
      :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
    offset = line.offset + line.text.index(value).to_i
    Tree::ExtendNode.new(parse_interp(value, offset))
  when 'warn'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid warn directive '@warn': expected expression.") unless value
    raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath warn directives.",
      :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
    offset = line.offset + line.text.index(value).to_i
    Tree::WarnNode.new(parse_script(value, :offset => offset))
  when 'return'
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid @return: expected expression.") unless value
    raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath return directives.",
      :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
    offset = line.offset + line.text.index(value).to_i
    Tree::ReturnNode.new(parse_script(value, :offset => offset))
  when 'charset'
    name = value && value[/\A(["'])(.*)\1\Z/, 2] #"
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid charset directive '@charset': expected string.") unless name
    raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath charset directives.",
      :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
    Tree::CharsetNode.new(name)
  when 'media'
    parser = Sass::SCSS::Parser.new(value, @options[:filename], @line)
    Tree::MediaNode.new(parser.parse_media_query_list)
  else
    Tree::DirectiveNode.new(
      value.nil? ? ["@#{directive}"] : ["@#{directive} "] + parse_interp(value, offset))
  end
end

def parse_each(line, root, text)

def parse_each(line, root, text)
  var, list_expr = text.scan(/^([^\s]+)\s+in\s+(.+)$/).first
  if var.nil? # scan failed, try to figure out why for error message
    if text !~ /^[^\s]+/
      expected = "variable name"
    elsif text !~ /^[^\s]+\s+from\s+.+/
      expected = "'in <expr>'"
    end
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid for directive '@each #{text}': expected #{expected}.")
  end
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid variable \"#{var}\".") unless var =~ Script::VALIDATE
  var = var[1..-1]
  parsed_list = parse_script(list_expr, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index(list_expr))
  Tree::EachNode.new(var, parsed_list)
end

def parse_else(parent, line, text)

def parse_else(parent, line, text)
  previous = parent.children.last
  raise SyntaxError.new("@else must come after @if.") unless previous.is_a?(Tree::IfNode)
  if text
    if text !~ /^if\s+(.+)/
      raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid else directive '@else #{text}': expected 'if <expr>'.")
    end
    expr = parse_script($1, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index($1))
  end
  node = Tree::IfNode.new(expr)
  append_children(node, line.children, false)
  previous.add_else node
  nil
end

def parse_for(line, root, text)

def parse_for(line, root, text)
  var, from_expr, to_name, to_expr = text.scan(/^([^\s]+)\s+from\s+(.+)\s+(to|through)\s+(.+)$/).first
  if var.nil? # scan failed, try to figure out why for error message
    if text !~ /^[^\s]+/
      expected = "variable name"
    elsif text !~ /^[^\s]+\s+from\s+.+/
      expected = "'from <expr>'"
    else
      expected = "'to <expr>' or 'through <expr>'"
    end
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid for directive '@for #{text}': expected #{expected}.")
  end
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid variable \"#{var}\".") unless var =~ Script::VALIDATE
  var = var[1..-1]
  parsed_from = parse_script(from_expr, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index(from_expr))
  parsed_to = parse_script(to_expr, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index(to_expr))
  Tree::ForNode.new(var, parsed_from, parsed_to, to_name == 'to')
end

def parse_function(line, root)

def parse_function(line, root)
  name, arg_string = line.text.scan(FUNCTION_RE).first
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid function definition \"#{line.text}\".") if name.nil?
  offset = line.offset + line.text.size - arg_string.size
  args = Script::Parser.new(arg_string.strip, @line, offset, @options).
    parse_function_definition_arglist
  Tree::FunctionNode.new(name, args)
end

def parse_import(line, value, offset)

def parse_import(line, value, offset)
  raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath import directives.",
    :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
  scanner = Sass::Util::MultibyteStringScanner.new(value)
  values = []
  loop do
    unless node = parse_import_arg(scanner, offset + scanner.pos)
      raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid @import: expected file to import, was #{scanner.rest.inspect}",
        :line => @line)
    end
    values << node
    break unless scanner.scan(/,\s*/)
  end
  if scanner.scan(/;/)
    raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid @import: expected end of line, was \";\".",
      :line => @line)
  end
  return values
end

def parse_import_arg(scanner, offset)

def parse_import_arg(scanner, offset)
  return if scanner.eos?
  if scanner.match?(/url\(/i)
    script_parser = Sass::Script::Parser.new(scanner, @line, offset, @options)
    str = script_parser.parse_string
    media_parser = Sass::SCSS::Parser.new(scanner, @options[:filename], @line)
    media = media_parser.parse_media_query_list
    return Tree::CssImportNode.new(str, media)
  end
  unless str = scanner.scan(Sass::SCSS::RX::STRING)
    return Tree::ImportNode.new(scanner.scan(/[^,;]+/))
  end
  val = scanner[1] || scanner[2]
  scanner.scan(/\s*/)
  if !scanner.match?(/[,;]|$/)
    media_parser = Sass::SCSS::Parser.new(scanner, @options[:filename], @line)
    media = media_parser.parse_media_query_list
    Tree::CssImportNode.new(str || uri, media)
  elsif val =~ /^http:\/\//
    Tree::CssImportNode.new("url(#{val})")
  else
    Tree::ImportNode.new(val)
  end
end

def parse_interp(text, offset = 0)

def parse_interp(text, offset = 0)
  self.class.parse_interp(text, @line, offset, :filename => @filename)
end

def parse_line(parent, line, root)

def parse_line(parent, line, root)
  case line.text[0]
  when PROPERTY_CHAR
    if line.text[1] == PROPERTY_CHAR ||
        (@options[:property_syntax] == :new &&
         line.text =~ PROPERTY_OLD && $2.empty?)
      # Support CSS3-style pseudo-elements,
      # which begin with ::,
      # as well as pseudo-classes
      # if we're using the new property syntax
      Tree::RuleNode.new(parse_interp(line.text))
    else
      name, value = line.text.scan(PROPERTY_OLD)[0]
      raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid property: \"#{line.text}\".",
        :line => @line) if name.nil? || value.nil?
      parse_property(name, parse_interp(name), value, :old, line)
    end
  when ?$
    parse_variable(line)
  when COMMENT_CHAR
    parse_comment(line)
  when DIRECTIVE_CHAR
    parse_directive(parent, line, root)
  when ESCAPE_CHAR
    Tree::RuleNode.new(parse_interp(line.text[1..-1]))
  when MIXIN_DEFINITION_CHAR
    parse_mixin_definition(line)
  when MIXIN_INCLUDE_CHAR
    if line.text[1].nil? || line.text[1] == ?\s
      Tree::RuleNode.new(parse_interp(line.text))
    else
      parse_mixin_include(line, root)
    end
  else
    parse_property_or_rule(line)
  end
end

def parse_mixin_definition(line)

def parse_mixin_definition(line)
  name, arg_string = line.text.scan(MIXIN_DEF_RE).first
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid mixin \"#{line.text[1..-1]}\".") if name.nil?
  offset = line.offset + line.text.size - arg_string.size
  args = Script::Parser.new(arg_string.strip, @line, offset, @options).
    parse_mixin_definition_arglist
  Tree::MixinDefNode.new(name, args)
end

def parse_mixin_include(line, root)

def parse_mixin_include(line, root)
  name, arg_string = line.text.scan(MIXIN_INCLUDE_RE).first
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid mixin include \"#{line.text}\".") if name.nil?
  offset = line.offset + line.text.size - arg_string.size
  args, keywords = Script::Parser.new(arg_string.strip, @line, offset, @options).
    parse_mixin_include_arglist
  Tree::MixinNode.new(name, args, keywords)
end

def parse_property(name, parsed_name, value, prop, line)

def parse_property(name, parsed_name, value, prop, line)
  if value.strip.empty?
    expr = Sass::Script::String.new("")
  else
    expr = parse_script(value, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index(value))
  end
  Tree::PropNode.new(parse_interp(name), expr, prop)
end

def parse_property_or_rule(line)

def parse_property_or_rule(line)
  scanner = Sass::Util::MultibyteStringScanner.new(line.text)
  hack_char = scanner.scan(/[:\*\.]|\#(?!\{)/)
  parser = Sass::SCSS::Parser.new(scanner, @options[:filename], @line)
  unless res = parser.parse_interp_ident
    return Tree::RuleNode.new(parse_interp(line.text))
  end
  res.unshift(hack_char) if hack_char
  if comment = scanner.scan(Sass::SCSS::RX::COMMENT)
    res << comment
  end
  name = line.text[0...scanner.pos]
  if scanner.scan(/\s*:(?:\s|$)/)
    parse_property(name, res, scanner.rest, :new, line)
  else
    res.pop if comment
    Tree::RuleNode.new(res + parse_interp(scanner.rest))
  end
end

def parse_script(script, options = {})

def parse_script(script, options = {})
  line = options[:line] || @line
  offset = options[:offset] || 0
  Script.parse(script, line, offset, @options)
end

def parse_variable(line)

def parse_variable(line)
  name, value, default = line.text.scan(Script::MATCH)[0]
  raise SyntaxError.new("Illegal nesting: Nothing may be nested beneath variable declarations.",
    :line => @line + 1) unless line.children.empty?
  raise SyntaxError.new("Invalid variable: \"#{line.text}\".",
    :line => @line) unless name && value
  expr = parse_script(value, :offset => line.offset + line.text.index(value))
  Tree::VariableNode.new(name, expr, default)
end

def render

Raises:
  • (ArgumentError) - if the document uses an unknown encoding with `@charset`
  • (Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) - if the source encoding
  • (Sass::SyntaxError) - if there's an error in the document

Returns:
  • (String) - The CSS
def render
  return _render unless @options[:quiet]
  Sass::Util.silence_sass_warnings {_render}
end

def sassc_key

def sassc_key
  @options[:cache_store].key(*@options[:importer].key(@options[:filename], @options))
end

def source_encoding

Raises:
  • (ArgumentError) - if the document uses an unknown encoding with `@charset`
  • (Encoding::UndefinedConversionError) - if the source encoding

Returns:
  • (Encoding, nil) -
def source_encoding
  check_encoding!
  @original_encoding
end

def tabulate(string)

def tabulate(string)
  tab_str = nil
  comment_tab_str = nil
  first = true
  lines = []
  string.gsub(/\r|\n|\r\n|\r\n/, "\n").scan(/^[^\n]*?$/).each_with_index do |line, index|
    index += (@options[:line] || 1)
    if line.strip.empty?
      lines.last.text << "\n" if lines.last && lines.last.comment?
      next
    end
    line_tab_str = line[/^\s*/]
    unless line_tab_str.empty?
      if tab_str.nil?
        comment_tab_str ||= line_tab_str
        next if try_comment(line, lines.last, "", comment_tab_str, index)
        comment_tab_str = nil
      end
      tab_str ||= line_tab_str
      raise SyntaxError.new("Indenting at the beginning of the document is illegal.",
        :line => index) if first
      raise SyntaxError.new("Indentation can't use both tabs and spaces.",
        :line => index) if tab_str.include?(?\s) && tab_str.include?(?\t)
    end
    first &&= !tab_str.nil?
    if tab_str.nil?
      lines << Line.new(line.strip, 0, index, 0, @options[:filename], [])
      next
    end
    comment_tab_str ||= line_tab_str
    if try_comment(line, lines.last, tab_str * lines.last.tabs, comment_tab_str, index)
      next
    else
      comment_tab_str = nil
    end
    line_tabs = line_tab_str.scan(tab_str).size
    if tab_str * line_tabs != line_tab_str
      message = <<END.strip.gsub("\n", ' ')
nsistent indentation: #{Sass::Shared.human_indentation line_tab_str, true} used for indentation,
the rest of the document was indented using #{Sass::Shared.human_indentation tab_str}.
      raise SyntaxError.new(message, :line => index)
    end
    lines << Line.new(line.strip, line_tabs, index, tab_str.size, @options[:filename], [])
  end
  lines
end

def to_tree

Raises:
  • (Sass::SyntaxError) - if there's an error in the document

Returns:
  • (Sass::Tree::Node) - The root of the parse tree.
def to_tree
  @tree ||= @options[:quiet] ?
    Sass::Util.silence_sass_warnings {_to_tree} :
    _to_tree
end

def tree(arr, i = 0)

def tree(arr, i = 0)
  return [], i if arr[i].nil?
  base = arr[i].tabs
  nodes = []
  while (line = arr[i]) && line.tabs >= base
    if line.tabs > base
      raise SyntaxError.new("The line was indented #{line.tabs - base} levels deeper than the previous line.",
        :line => line.index) if line.tabs > base + 1
      nodes.last.children, i = tree(arr, i)
    else
      nodes << line
      i += 1
    end
  end
  return nodes, i
end

def try_comment(line, last, tab_str, comment_tab_str, index)

def try_comment(line, last, tab_str, comment_tab_str, index)
  return unless last && last.comment?
  # Nested comment stuff must be at least one whitespace char deeper
  # than the normal indentation
  return unless line =~ /^#{tab_str}\s/
  unless line =~ /^(?:#{comment_tab_str})(.*)$/
    raise SyntaxError.new(<<MSG.strip.gsub("\n", " "), :line => index)
nsistent indentation:
ious line was indented by #{Sass::Shared.human_indentation comment_tab_str},
this line was indented by #{Sass::Shared.human_indentation line[/^\s*/]}.
  end
  last.comment_tab_str ||= comment_tab_str
  last.text << "\n" << line
  true
end

def validate_and_append_child(parent, child, line, root)

def validate_and_append_child(parent, child, line, root)
  case child
  when Array
    child.each {|c| validate_and_append_child(parent, c, line, root)}
  when Tree::Node
    parent << child
  end
end