module ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper

def _back_url # :nodoc:

:nodoc:
def _back_url # :nodoc:
  _filtered_referrer || "javascript:history.back()"
end

def _filtered_referrer # :nodoc:

:nodoc:
def _filtered_referrer # :nodoc:
  if controller.respond_to?(:request)
    referrer = controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
    if referrer && URI(referrer).scheme != "javascript"
      referrer
    end
  end
rescue URI::InvalidURIError
end

def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)

def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)
  if method_not_get_method?(method) && !html_options["rel"].to_s.include?("nofollow")
    if html_options["rel"].blank?
      html_options["rel"] = "nofollow"
    else
      html_options["rel"] = "#{html_options["rel"]} nofollow"
    end
  end
  html_options["data-method"] = method
end

def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)


# "
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>

#
"
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>

#
"
#
#
# Make happy <%= @user.name %>
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", new_article_path, params: { time: Time.now } %>

#
"
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", new_article_path %>

#
"
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", action: "new" %>
==== Examples

* :params - \Hash of parameters to be rendered as hidden fields within the form.
be placed
* :form_class - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
* :form - This hash will be form attributes
* :data - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
* :disabled - If set to true, it will generate a disabled button.
:delete, :patch, and :put. By default it will be :post.
* :method - \Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are :post, :get,

but there are a few special options:
Most values in +html_options+ are passed through to the button element,

#
"
#
#
# => "

<%= button_to "New", false %>

false:
element without an [action] attribute, pass
The +options+ hash accepts the same options as +url_for+. To generate a
==== Options

attribute as described in the +link_to+ documentation.
consider using the +link_to+ method with the +data-turbo-method+
If the HTML button generated from +button_to+ does not work with your layout, you can

To specify a different HTTP verb use the +:method+ option within +html_options+.
conversely, if the object is persisted, it will submit a PATCH request.
The form submits a POST request by default if the object is not persisted;

"button_to" to allow styling of the form and its children.
+:form_class+ option within +html_options+. It defaults to
The class attribute of the form element can be set by passing a

class attribute of the button element.
example, passing a +:class+ option within +html_options+ will set the
values in +html_options+ are passed through to the button element. For
You can control the form and button behavior with +html_options+. Most

cause changes to your data are not triggered by search bots or accelerators.
by the set of +options+. This is the safest method to ensure links that
Generates a form containing a single button that submits to the URL created
def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
  html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
  html_options ||= {}
  html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
  url =
    case options
    when FalseClass then nil
    else url_for(options)
    end
  remote = html_options.delete("remote")
  params = html_options.delete("params")
  authenticity_token = html_options.delete("authenticity_token")
  method     = (html_options.delete("method").presence || method_for_options(options)).to_s
  method_tag = BUTTON_TAG_METHOD_VERBS.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : "".html_safe
  form_method  = method == "get" ? "get" : "post"
  form_options = html_options.delete("form") || {}
  form_options[:class] ||= html_options.delete("form_class") || "button_to"
  form_options[:method] = form_method
  form_options[:action] = url
  form_options[:'data-remote'] = true if remote
  request_token_tag = if form_method == "post"
    request_method = method.empty? ? "post" : method
    token_tag(authenticity_token, form_options: { action: url, method: request_method })
  else
    ""
  end
  html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  html_options["type"] = "submit"
  button = if block_given?
    content_tag("button", html_options, &block)
  elsif button_to_generates_button_tag
    content_tag("button", name || url, html_options, &block)
  else
    html_options["value"] = name || url
    tag("input", html_options)
  end
  inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
  if params
    to_form_params(params).each do |param|
      inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param[:name], value: param[:value],
                                 autocomplete: "off")
    end
  end
  html = content_tag("form", inner_tags, form_options)
  prevent_content_exfiltration(html)
end

def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)

def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  if html_options
    html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
    html_options["data-remote"] = "true" if link_to_remote_options?(options) || link_to_remote_options?(html_options)
    method = html_options.delete("method")
    add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method) if method
    html_options
  else
    link_to_remote_options?(options) ? { "data-remote" => "true" } : {}
  end
end

def current_page?(options = nil, check_parameters: false, **options_as_kwargs)


We can also pass in the symbol arguments instead of strings.

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'product', action: 'index')

Let's say we're in the http://www.example.com/products action with method POST in case of invalid product.

# => true
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1')

# => true
current_page?('/shop/checkout')

# => false
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout', check_parameters: true)

# => true
current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '2')

# => true
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '1')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')

# => true
current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')

# => false
current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')

# => true
current_page?(action: 'checkout')

# => false
current_page?(action: 'process')

Let's say we're in the http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1 action.
==== Examples

True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
def current_page?(options = nil, check_parameters: false, **options_as_kwargs)
  unless request
    raise "You cannot use helpers that need to determine the current " \
          "page unless your view context provides a Request object " \
          "in a #request method"
  end
  return false unless request.get? || request.head?
  options ||= options_as_kwargs
  check_parameters ||= options.is_a?(Hash) && options.delete(:check_parameters)
  url_string = URI::RFC2396_PARSER.unescape(url_for(options)).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
  # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
  # submitted URL doesn't have any either. This lets the function
  # work with things like ?order=asc
  # the behavior can be disabled with check_parameters: true
  request_uri = url_string.index("?") || check_parameters ? request.fullpath : request.path
  request_uri = URI::RFC2396_PARSER.unescape(request_uri).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
  if %r{^\w+://}.match?(url_string)
    request_uri = +"#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}#{request_uri}"
  end
  remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)
  remove_trailing_slash!(request_uri)
  url_string == request_uri
end

def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)


# => Visit Other Site
link_to "Visit Other Site", "https://rubyonrails.org/", data: { turbo_confirm: "Are you sure?" }

# => Delete profile
link_to "Delete profile", @profile, data: { turbo_method: :delete }

===== \Examples

above.}[https://turbo.hotwired.dev/handbook/drive#performing-visits-with-a-different-method]
{Consult the Turbo Handbook for more information on the options

given value.
* turbo_confirm: "question?" - Adds a confirmation dialog to the link with the

Only use data-turbo-method where a form is not possible.
with the given HTTP verb. Forms are recommended when performing non-+GET+ requests.
* turbo_method: symbol of HTTP verb - Performs a Turbo link visit

Rails 7 ships with Turbo enabled by default. Turbo provides the following +:data+ options:

==== Turbo

# => External link
link_to "External link", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", target: "_blank", rel: "nofollow"

You can set any link attributes such as target, rel, type:

# => Nonsense search
link_to "Nonsense search", searches_path(foo: "bar", baz: "quux")

# => Ruby on Rails search
link_to "Ruby on Rails search", controller: "searches", query: "ruby on rails"

# => Comment wall
link_to "Comment wall", profile_path(@profile, anchor: "wall")

+link_to+ can also produce links with anchors or query strings:

# => WRONG!
link_to "WRONG!", controller: "articles", id: "news", class: "article"

Leaving the hash off gives the wrong link:

# => Articles
link_to "Articles", { controller: "articles" }, id: "news", class: "article"

Be careful when using the older argument style, as an extra literal hash is needed:

# => Articles
link_to "Articles", articles_path, id: "news", class: "article"

Classes and ids for CSS are easy to produce:


David -- Check it out!
# =>
<% end %>
<%= @profile.name %> -- Check it out!
<%= link_to(@profile) do %>

You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:

# =>
Eileen
link_to @profile

+to_s+ method returning a default value or a model instance attribute
More concise yet, when +name+ is an Active Record model that defines a

# => http://www.example.com
link_to nil, "http://example.com"

When name is +nil+ the href is presented instead

# => Profiles
link_to "Profiles", controller: "profiles"

is better than

# => Profiles
link_to "Profiles", profiles_path

Similarly,

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", controller: "profiles", action: "show", id: @profile

in place of the older more verbose, non-resource-oriented

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", @profile

or the even pithier

# => Profile
link_to "Profile", profile_path(@profile)

your application on resources and use
and newer RESTful routes. Current \Rails style favors RESTful routes whenever possible, so base
Because it relies on +url_for+, +link_to+ supports both older-style controller/action/id arguments

==== Examples

* :data - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
==== Options

link_to(active_record_model)

end
# name
link_to(url, html_options = {}) do

end
# name
link_to(options = {}, html_options = {}) do

# url_options, except :method, is passed to url_for
link_to(body, url_options = {}, html_options = {})

# posts_path
# url is a String; you can use URL helpers like
link_to(body, url, html_options = {})

==== Signatures

the value of the link itself will become the name.
will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
value of the \String as the href for the link. Using a :back \Symbol instead
pass a \String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
Creates an anchor element of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
  html_options, options, name = options, name, block if block_given?
  options ||= {}
  html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
  url = url_target(name, options)
  html_options["href"] ||= url
  content_tag("a", name || url, html_options, &block)
end

def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

# => my_username
# If they are logged in...
# => Login
# If the user isn't logged in...
%>
end
link_to(@current_user.login, { controller: "accounts", action: "show", id: @current_user })
link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) do
<%=

# => Login
# If the user isn't logged in...
<%= link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) %>
==== Examples

accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_if+.
returned. To specialize the default behavior, you can pass a block that
+options+ if +condition+ is true, otherwise only the name is
Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
  if condition
    link_to(name, options, html_options)
  else
    if block_given?
      block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
    else
      ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
    end
  end
end

def link_to_remote_options?(options)

def link_to_remote_options?(options)
  if options.is_a?(Hash)
    options.delete("remote") || options.delete(:remote)
  end
end

def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

# => Reply
# If not...
# => Reply
# If the user is logged in...
%>
end
link_to(name, { controller: "accounts", action: "signup" })
link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) do |name|
<%=

# => Reply
# If the user is logged in...
<%= link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) %>
==== Examples

accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+.
than just the plaintext link text), you can pass a block that
returned. To specialize the default behavior (i.e., show a login link rather
+options+ unless +condition+ is true, in which case only the name is
Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
  link_to_if !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
end

def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)

%>
end
link_to("Go back", { controller: "posts", action: "index" })
link_to_unless_current("Comment", { controller: "comments", action: "new" }) do
<%=

"Go Back" link instead of a link to the comments page, we could do something like this...
action is the action given. So, if we had a comments page and wanted to render a
The implicit block given to +link_to_unless_current+ is evaluated if the current


  • About Us

  • Home


  • About Us

  • Home


  • <%= link_to_unless_current("About Us", { action: "about" }) %>

  • <%= link_to_unless_current("Home", { action: "index" }) %>

  • def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
      link_to_unless current_page?(options), name, options, html_options, &block
    end

    def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Email me: me@domain.com
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Email me: me@domain.com
    <%= mail_to "me@domain.com" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:

    # =>
    me@domain.com
    subject: "This is an example email"
    mail_to "me@domain.com", cc: "ccaddress@domain.com",

    # => My email
    mail_to "me@domain.com", "My email"

    # => me@domain.com
    mail_to "me@domain.com"
    ==== Examples

    install the +actionview-encoded_mail_to+ gem.
    in order to hinder email harvesters. To take advantage of these options,
    Prior to \Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
    ==== Obfuscation

    * :reply_to - Preset the +Reply-To+ field of the email.
    * :bcc - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
    * :cc - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
    * :body - Preset the body of the email.
    * :subject - Preset the subject line of the email.
    ==== Options

    passing special keys to +html_options+.
    +mail_to+ has several methods for customizing the email itself by

    HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
    also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
    Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
    def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if name.is_a?(Hash)
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject reply_to }.map! { |item|
        option = html_options.delete(item).presence || next
        "#{item.dasherize}=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(option)}"
      }.compact
      extras = extras.empty? ? "" : "?" + extras.join("&")
      encoded_email_address = ERB::Util.url_encode(email_address).gsub("%40", "@")
      html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{encoded_email_address}#{extras}"
      content_tag("a", name || email_address, html_options, &block)
    end

    def method_for_options(options)

    def method_for_options(options)
      if options.is_a?(Array)
        method_for_options(options.last)
      elsif options.respond_to?(:persisted?)
        options.persisted? ? :patch : :post
      elsif options.respond_to?(:to_model)
        method_for_options(options.to_model)
      end
    end

    def method_not_get_method?(method)

    def method_not_get_method?(method)
      return false unless method
      (STRINGIFIED_COMMON_METHODS[method] || method.to_s.downcase) != "get"
    end

    def method_tag(method)

    def method_tag(method)
      tag("input", type: "hidden", name: "_method", value: method.to_s, autocomplete: "off")
    end

    def phone_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Phone me:
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Phone me:
    <%= phone_to "1234567890" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. \ERB example:

    # =>
    1234567890
    phone_to "1234567890", country_code: "01"

    # => Phone me
    phone_to "1234567890", "Phone me"

    # => 1234567890
    phone_to "1234567890"
    ==== Examples

    * :country_code - Prepends the country code to the phone number
    ==== Options

    Additional HTML attributes for the link can be passed via +html_options+.

    phone number.
    country_code: "01" will prepend +01 to the linked
    given country code to the linked phone number. For example,
    A +country_code+ option is supported, which prepends a plus sign and the

    the link.
    If +name+ is not specified, +phone_number+ will be used as the name of

    prepopulated with the phone number.
    link is clicked, the default app to make phone calls is opened and
    Creates a TEL anchor link tag to the specified +phone_number+. When the
    def phone_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if name.is_a?(Hash)
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      country_code = html_options.delete("country_code").presence
      country_code = country_code.nil? ? "" : "+#{ERB::Util.url_encode(country_code)}"
      encoded_phone_number = ERB::Util.url_encode(phone_number)
      html_options["href"] = "tel:#{country_code}#{encoded_phone_number}"
      content_tag("a", name || phone_number, html_options, &block)
    end

    def remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)

    def remove_trailing_slash!(url_string)
      trailing_index = (url_string.index("?") || 0) - 1
      url_string[trailing_index] = "" if url_string[trailing_index] == "/"
    end

    def sms_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)


    Text me:
    # =>
    <% end %>
    Text me:
    <%= sms_to "5155555785" do %>

    You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. \ERB example:

    # =>
    5155555785
    sms_to "5155555785", body: "I have a question about your product."

    # => Text me
    sms_to "5155555785", "Text me"

    # => 5155555785
    sms_to "5155555785", country_code: "01"

    # => 5155555785
    sms_to "5155555785"
    ==== Examples

    * :body - Preset the body of the message.
    * :country_code - Prepend the country code to the phone number.
    ==== Options

    Additional HTML attributes for the link can be passed via +html_options+.

    phone number.
    country_code: "01" will prepend +01 to the linked
    given country code to the linked phone number. For example,
    A +country_code+ option is supported, which prepends a plus sign and the

    the link.
    If +name+ is not specified, +phone_number+ will be used as the name of

    the contents of the message will be preset to +body+.
    message to the linked phone number. If the +body+ option is specified,
    link is clicked, the default SMS messaging app is opened ready to send a
    Creates an SMS anchor link tag to the specified +phone_number+. When the
    def sms_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
      html_options, name = name, nil if name.is_a?(Hash)
      html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
      country_code = html_options.delete("country_code").presence
      country_code = country_code ? "+#{ERB::Util.url_encode(country_code)}" : ""
      body = html_options.delete("body").presence
      body = body ? "?&body=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(body)}" : ""
      encoded_phone_number = ERB::Util.url_encode(phone_number)
      html_options["href"] = "sms:#{country_code}#{encoded_phone_number};#{body}"
      content_tag("a", name || phone_number, html_options, &block)
    end

    def to_form_params(attribute, namespace = nil)

    # => [{name: 'country[name]', value: 'Denmark'}]
    to_form_params({ name: 'Denmark' }, 'country')

    An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:

    # => [{name: 'countries[]', value: 'Denmark'}, {name: 'countries[]', value: 'Sweden'}]
    to_form_params(countries: ['Denmark', 'Sweden']})

    # => [{name: 'country[name]', value: 'Denmark'}]
    to_form_params(country: { name: 'Denmark' })

    # => [{name: 'name', value: 'David'}, {name: 'nationality', value: 'Danish'}]
    to_form_params(name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish')

    suitable for use as the names and values of form input fields:
    Returns an array of hashes each containing :name and :value keys
    def to_form_params(attribute, namespace = nil)
      attribute = if attribute.respond_to?(:permitted?)
        attribute.to_h
      else
        attribute
      end
      params = []
      case attribute
      when Hash
        attribute.each do |key, value|
          prefix = namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key
          params.push(*to_form_params(value, prefix))
        end
      when Array
        array_prefix = "#{namespace}[]"
        attribute.each do |value|
          params.push(*to_form_params(value, array_prefix))
        end
      else
        params << { name: namespace.to_s, value: attribute.to_param }
      end
      params.sort_by { |pair| pair[:name] }
    end

    def token_tag(token = nil, form_options: {})

    def token_tag(token = nil, form_options: {})
      if token != false && defined?(protect_against_forgery?) && protect_against_forgery?
        token =
          if token == true || token.nil?
            form_authenticity_token(form_options: form_options.merge(authenticity_token: token))
          else
            token
          end
        tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, value: token, autocomplete: "off")
      else
        ""
      end
    end

    def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:

    :nodoc:
    Basic implementation of url_for to allow use helpers without routes existence
    def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:
      case options
      when String
        options
      when :back
        _back_url
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "arguments passed to url_for can't be handled. Please require " \
                             "routes or provide your own implementation"
      end
    end

    def url_target(name, options)

    def url_target(name, options)
      if name.respond_to?(:model_name) && options.is_a?(Hash) && options.empty?
        url_for(name)
      else
        url_for(options)
      end
    end