lib/active_support/cache.rb



# frozen_string_literal: true

require "zlib"
require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap"
require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_param"
require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"

module ActiveSupport
  # See ActiveSupport::Cache::Store for documentation.
  module Cache
    autoload :FileStore,        "active_support/cache/file_store"
    autoload :MemoryStore,      "active_support/cache/memory_store"
    autoload :MemCacheStore,    "active_support/cache/mem_cache_store"
    autoload :NullStore,        "active_support/cache/null_store"
    autoload :RedisCacheStore,  "active_support/cache/redis_cache_store"

    # These options mean something to all cache implementations. Individual cache
    # implementations may support additional options.
    UNIVERSAL_OPTIONS = [:namespace, :compress, :compress_threshold, :expires_in, :expire_in, :expired_in, :race_condition_ttl, :coder, :skip_nil]

    DEFAULT_COMPRESS_LIMIT = 1.kilobyte

    # Mapping of canonical option names to aliases that a store will recognize.
    OPTION_ALIASES = {
      expires_in: [:expire_in, :expired_in]
    }.freeze

    module Strategy
      autoload :LocalCache, "active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache"
    end

    @format_version = 6.1

    class << self
      attr_accessor :format_version

      # Creates a new Store object according to the given options.
      #
      # If no arguments are passed to this method, then a new
      # ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore object will be returned.
      #
      # If you pass a Symbol as the first argument, then a corresponding cache
      # store class under the ActiveSupport::Cache namespace will be created.
      # For example:
      #
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:memory_store)
      #   # => returns a new ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore object
      #
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store)
      #   # => returns a new ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore object
      #
      # Any additional arguments will be passed to the corresponding cache store
      # class's constructor:
      #
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:file_store, '/tmp/cache')
      #   # => same as: ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore.new('/tmp/cache')
      #
      # If the first argument is not a Symbol, then it will simply be returned:
      #
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(MyOwnCacheStore.new)
      #   # => returns MyOwnCacheStore.new
      def lookup_store(store = nil, *parameters)
        case store
        when Symbol
          options = parameters.extract_options!
          # clean this up once Ruby 2.7 support is dropped
          # see https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/41522#discussion_r581186602
          if options.empty?
            retrieve_store_class(store).new(*parameters)
          else
            retrieve_store_class(store).new(*parameters, **options)
          end
        when Array
          lookup_store(*store)
        when nil
          ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
        else
          store
        end
      end

      # Expands out the +key+ argument into a key that can be used for the
      # cache store. Optionally accepts a namespace, and all keys will be
      # scoped within that namespace.
      #
      # If the +key+ argument provided is an array, or responds to +to_a+, then
      # each of elements in the array will be turned into parameters/keys and
      # concatenated into a single key. For example:
      #
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar])               # => "foo/bar"
      #   ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar], "namespace")  # => "namespace/foo/bar"
      #
      # The +key+ argument can also respond to +cache_key+ or +to_param+.
      def expand_cache_key(key, namespace = nil)
        expanded_cache_key = namespace ? +"#{namespace}/" : +""

        if prefix = ENV["RAILS_CACHE_ID"] || ENV["RAILS_APP_VERSION"]
          expanded_cache_key << "#{prefix}/"
        end

        expanded_cache_key << retrieve_cache_key(key)
        expanded_cache_key
      end

      private
        def retrieve_cache_key(key)
          case
          when key.respond_to?(:cache_key_with_version) then key.cache_key_with_version
          when key.respond_to?(:cache_key)              then key.cache_key
          when key.is_a?(Array)                         then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
          when key.respond_to?(:to_a)                   then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
          else                                               key.to_param
          end.to_s
        end

        # Obtains the specified cache store class, given the name of the +store+.
        # Raises an error when the store class cannot be found.
        def retrieve_store_class(store)
          # require_relative cannot be used here because the class might be
          # provided by another gem, like redis-activesupport for example.
          require "active_support/cache/#{store}"
        rescue LoadError => e
          raise "Could not find cache store adapter for #{store} (#{e})"
        else
          ActiveSupport::Cache.const_get(store.to_s.camelize)
        end
    end

    # An abstract cache store class. There are multiple cache store
    # implementations, each having its own additional features. See the classes
    # under the ActiveSupport::Cache module, e.g.
    # ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore. MemCacheStore is currently the most
    # popular cache store for large production websites.
    #
    # Some implementations may not support all methods beyond the basic cache
    # methods of #fetch, #write, #read, #exist?, and #delete.
    #
    # ActiveSupport::Cache::Store can store any Ruby object that is supported by
    # its +coder+'s +dump+ and +load+ methods.
    #
    #   cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
    #
    #   cache.read('city')   # => nil
    #   cache.write('city', "Duckburgh")
    #   cache.read('city')   # => "Duckburgh"
    #
    #   cache.write('not serializable', Proc.new {}) # => TypeError
    #
    # Keys are always translated into Strings and are case sensitive. When an
    # object is specified as a key and has a +cache_key+ method defined, this
    # method will be called to define the key.  Otherwise, the +to_param+
    # method will be called. Hashes and Arrays can also be used as keys. The
    # elements will be delimited by slashes, and the elements within a Hash
    # will be sorted by key so they are consistent.
    #
    #   cache.read('city') == cache.read(:city)   # => true
    #
    # Nil values can be cached.
    #
    # If your cache is on a shared infrastructure, you can define a namespace
    # for your cache entries. If a namespace is defined, it will be prefixed on
    # to every key. The namespace can be either a static value or a Proc. If it
    # is a Proc, it will be invoked when each key is evaluated so that you can
    # use application logic to invalidate keys.
    #
    #   cache.namespace = -> { @last_mod_time }  # Set the namespace to a variable
    #   @last_mod_time = Time.now  # Invalidate the entire cache by changing namespace
    #
    class Store
      cattr_accessor :logger, instance_writer: true

      attr_reader :silence, :options
      alias :silence? :silence

      class << self
        private
          def retrieve_pool_options(options)
            {}.tap do |pool_options|
              pool_options[:size] = options.delete(:pool_size) if options[:pool_size]
              pool_options[:timeout] = options.delete(:pool_timeout) if options[:pool_timeout]
            end
          end

          def ensure_connection_pool_added!
            require "connection_pool"
          rescue LoadError => e
            $stderr.puts "You don't have connection_pool installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
            raise e
          end
      end

      # Creates a new cache.
      #
      # ==== Options
      #
      # * +:namespace+ - Sets the namespace for the cache. This option is
      #   especially useful if your application shares a cache with other
      #   applications.
      # * +:coder+ - Replaces the default cache entry serialization mechanism
      #   with a custom one. The +coder+ must respond to +dump+ and +load+.
      #   Using a custom coder disables automatic compression.
      #
      # Any other specified options are treated as default options for the
      # relevant cache operations, such as #read, #write, and #fetch.
      def initialize(options = nil)
        @options = options ? normalize_options(options) : {}
        @options[:compress] = true unless @options.key?(:compress)
        @options[:compress_threshold] = DEFAULT_COMPRESS_LIMIT unless @options.key?(:compress_threshold)

        @coder = @options.delete(:coder) { default_coder } || NullCoder
        @coder_supports_compression = @coder.respond_to?(:dump_compressed)
      end

      # Silences the logger.
      def silence!
        @silence = true
        self
      end

      # Silences the logger within a block.
      def mute
        previous_silence, @silence = defined?(@silence) && @silence, true
        yield
      ensure
        @silence = previous_silence
      end

      # Fetches data from the cache, using the given key. If there is data in
      # the cache with the given key, then that data is returned.
      #
      # If there is no such data in the cache (a cache miss), then +nil+ will be
      # returned. However, if a block has been passed, that block will be passed
      # the key and executed in the event of a cache miss. The return value of the
      # block will be written to the cache under the given cache key, and that
      # return value will be returned.
      #
      #   cache.write('today', 'Monday')
      #   cache.fetch('today')  # => "Monday"
      #
      #   cache.fetch('city')   # => nil
      #   cache.fetch('city') do
      #     'Duckburgh'
      #   end
      #   cache.fetch('city')   # => "Duckburgh"
      #
      # ==== Options
      #
      # Internally, +fetch+ calls #read_entry, and calls #write_entry on a cache
      # miss. Thus, +fetch+ supports the same options as #read and #write.
      # Additionally, +fetch+ supports the following options:
      #
      # * <tt>force: true</tt> - Forces a cache "miss," meaning we treat the
      #   cache value as missing even if it's present. Passing a block is
      #   required when +force+ is true so this always results in a cache write.
      #
      #     cache.write('today', 'Monday')
      #     cache.fetch('today', force: true) { 'Tuesday' } # => 'Tuesday'
      #     cache.fetch('today', force: true) # => ArgumentError
      #
      #   The +:force+ option is useful when you're calling some other method to
      #   ask whether you should force a cache write. Otherwise, it's clearer to
      #   just call +write+.
      #
      # * <tt>skip_nil: true</tt> - Prevents caching a nil result:
      #
      #     cache.fetch('foo') { nil }
      #     cache.fetch('bar', skip_nil: true) { nil }
      #     cache.exist?('foo') # => true
      #     cache.exist?('bar') # => false
      #
      # * +:race_condition_ttl+ - Specifies the number of seconds during which
      #   an expired value can be reused while a new value is being generated.
      #   This can be used to prevent race conditions when cache entries expire,
      #   by preventing multiple processes from simultaneously regenerating the
      #   same entry (also known as the dog pile effect).
      #
      #   When a process encounters a cache entry that has expired less than
      #   +:race_condition_ttl+ seconds ago, it will bump the expiration time by
      #   +:race_condition_ttl+ seconds before generating a new value. During
      #   this extended time window, while the process generates a new value,
      #   other processes will continue to use the old value. After the first
      #   process writes the new value, other processes will then use it.
      #
      #   If the first process errors out while generating a new value, another
      #   process can try to generate a new value after the extended time window
      #   has elapsed.
      #
      #     # Set all values to expire after one minute.
      #     cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new(expires_in: 1.minute)
      #
      #     cache.write('foo', 'original value')
      #     val_1 = nil
      #     val_2 = nil
      #     sleep 60
      #
      #     Thread.new do
      #       val_1 = cache.fetch('foo', race_condition_ttl: 10.seconds) do
      #         sleep 1
      #         'new value 1'
      #       end
      #     end
      #
      #     Thread.new do
      #       val_2 = cache.fetch('foo', race_condition_ttl: 10.seconds) do
      #         'new value 2'
      #       end
      #     end
      #
      #     cache.fetch('foo') # => "original value"
      #     sleep 10 # First thread extended the life of cache by another 10 seconds
      #     cache.fetch('foo') # => "new value 1"
      #     val_1 # => "new value 1"
      #     val_2 # => "original value"
      #
      def fetch(name, options = nil, &block)
        if block_given?
          options = merged_options(options)
          key = normalize_key(name, options)

          entry = nil
          instrument(:read, name, options) do |payload|
            cached_entry = read_entry(key, **options, event: payload) unless options[:force]
            entry = handle_expired_entry(cached_entry, key, options)
            entry = nil if entry && entry.mismatched?(normalize_version(name, options))
            payload[:super_operation] = :fetch if payload
            payload[:hit] = !!entry if payload
          end

          if entry
            get_entry_value(entry, name, options)
          else
            save_block_result_to_cache(name, options, &block)
          end
        elsif options && options[:force]
          raise ArgumentError, "Missing block: Calling `Cache#fetch` with `force: true` requires a block."
        else
          read(name, options)
        end
      end

      # Reads data from the cache, using the given key. If there is data in
      # the cache with the given key, then that data is returned. Otherwise,
      # +nil+ is returned.
      #
      # Note, if data was written with the <tt>:expires_in</tt> or
      # <tt>:version</tt> options, both of these conditions are applied before
      # the data is returned.
      #
      # ==== Options
      #
      # * +:version+ - Specifies a version for the cache entry. If the cached
      #   version does not match the requested version, the read will be treated
      #   as a cache miss. This feature is used to support recyclable cache keys.
      #
      # Other options will be handled by the specific cache store implementation.
      def read(name, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)
        key     = normalize_key(name, options)
        version = normalize_version(name, options)

        instrument(:read, name, options) do |payload|
          entry = read_entry(key, **options, event: payload)

          if entry
            if entry.expired?
              delete_entry(key, **options)
              payload[:hit] = false if payload
              nil
            elsif entry.mismatched?(version)
              payload[:hit] = false if payload
              nil
            else
              payload[:hit] = true if payload
              entry.value
            end
          else
            payload[:hit] = false if payload
            nil
          end
        end
      end

      # Reads multiple values at once from the cache. Options can be passed
      # in the last argument.
      #
      # Some cache implementation may optimize this method.
      #
      # Returns a hash mapping the names provided to the values found.
      def read_multi(*names)
        options = names.extract_options!
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument :read_multi, names, options do |payload|
          read_multi_entries(names, **options, event: payload).tap do |results|
            payload[:hits] = results.keys
          end
        end
      end

      # Cache Storage API to write multiple values at once.
      def write_multi(hash, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument :write_multi, hash, options do |payload|
          entries = hash.each_with_object({}) do |(name, value), memo|
            memo[normalize_key(name, options)] = Entry.new(value, **options.merge(version: normalize_version(name, options)))
          end

          write_multi_entries entries, **options
        end
      end

      # Fetches data from the cache, using the given keys. If there is data in
      # the cache with the given keys, then that data is returned. Otherwise,
      # the supplied block is called for each key for which there was no data,
      # and the result will be written to the cache and returned.
      # Therefore, you need to pass a block that returns the data to be written
      # to the cache. If you do not want to write the cache when the cache is
      # not found, use #read_multi.
      #
      # Returns a hash with the data for each of the names. For example:
      #
      #   cache.write("bim", "bam")
      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "unknown_key") do |key|
      #     "Fallback value for key: #{key}"
      #   end
      #   # => { "bim" => "bam",
      #   #      "unknown_key" => "Fallback value for key: unknown_key" }
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation. For example:
      #
      #   cache.fetch_multi("fizz", expires_in: 5.seconds) do |key|
      #     "buzz"
      #   end
      #   # => {"fizz"=>"buzz"}
      #   cache.read("fizz")
      #   # => "buzz"
      #   sleep(6)
      #   cache.read("fizz")
      #   # => nil
      def fetch_multi(*names)
        raise ArgumentError, "Missing block: `Cache#fetch_multi` requires a block." unless block_given?

        options = names.extract_options!
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument :read_multi, names, options do |payload|
          reads   = read_multi_entries(names, **options)
          writes  = {}
          ordered = names.index_with do |name|
            reads.fetch(name) { writes[name] = yield(name) }
          end

          payload[:hits] = reads.keys
          payload[:super_operation] = :fetch_multi

          write_multi(writes, options)

          ordered
        end
      end

      # Writes the value to the cache with the key. The value must be supported
      # by the +coder+'s +dump+ and +load+ methods.
      #
      # By default, cache entries larger than 1kB are compressed. Compression
      # allows more data to be stored in the same memory footprint, leading to
      # fewer cache evictions and higher hit rates.
      #
      # ==== Options
      #
      # * <tt>compress: false</tt> - Disables compression of the cache entry.
      #
      # * +:compress_threshold+ - The compression threshold, specified in bytes.
      #   \Cache entries larger than this threshold will be compressed. Defaults
      #   to +1.kilobyte+.
      #
      # * +:expires_in+ - Sets a relative expiration time for the cache entry,
      #   specified in seconds. +:expire_in+ and +:expired_in+ are aliases for
      #   +:expires_in+.
      #
      #     cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new(expires_in: 5.minutes)
      #     cache.write(key, value, expires_in: 1.minute) # Set a lower value for one entry
      #
      # * +:expires_at+ - Sets an absolute expiration time for the cache entry.
      #
      #     cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
      #     cache.write(key, value, expires_at: Time.now.at_end_of_hour)
      #
      # * +:version+ - Specifies a version for the cache entry. When reading
      #   from the cache, if the cached version does not match the requested
      #   version, the read will be treated as a cache miss. This feature is
      #   used to support recyclable cache keys.
      #
      # Other options will be handled by the specific cache store implementation.
      def write(name, value, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument(:write, name, options) do
          entry = Entry.new(value, **options.merge(version: normalize_version(name, options)))
          write_entry(normalize_key(name, options), entry, **options)
        end
      end

      # Deletes an entry in the cache. Returns +true+ if an entry is deleted.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      def delete(name, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument(:delete, name) do
          delete_entry(normalize_key(name, options), **options)
        end
      end

      # Deletes multiple entries in the cache.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      def delete_multi(names, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)
        names.map! { |key| normalize_key(key, options) }

        instrument :delete_multi, names do
          delete_multi_entries(names, **options)
        end
      end

      # Returns +true+ if the cache contains an entry for the given key.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      def exist?(name, options = nil)
        options = merged_options(options)

        instrument(:exist?, name) do |payload|
          entry = read_entry(normalize_key(name, options), **options, event: payload)
          (entry && !entry.expired? && !entry.mismatched?(normalize_version(name, options))) || false
        end
      end

      def new_entry(value, options = nil) # :nodoc:
        Entry.new(value, **merged_options(options))
      end

      # Deletes all entries with keys matching the pattern.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      #
      # Some implementations may not support this method.
      def delete_matched(matcher, options = nil)
        raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support delete_matched")
      end

      # Increments an integer value in the cache.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      #
      # Some implementations may not support this method.
      def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
        raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support increment")
      end

      # Decrements an integer value in the cache.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      #
      # Some implementations may not support this method.
      def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
        raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support decrement")
      end

      # Cleans up the cache by removing expired entries.
      #
      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      #
      # Some implementations may not support this method.
      def cleanup(options = nil)
        raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support cleanup")
      end

      # Clears the entire cache. Be careful with this method since it could
      # affect other processes if shared cache is being used.
      #
      # The options hash is passed to the underlying cache implementation.
      #
      # Some implementations may not support this method.
      def clear(options = nil)
        raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support clear")
      end

      private
        def default_coder
          Coders[Cache.format_version]
        end

        # Adds the namespace defined in the options to a pattern designed to
        # match keys. Implementations that support delete_matched should call
        # this method to translate a pattern that matches names into one that
        # matches namespaced keys.
        def key_matcher(pattern, options) # :doc:
          prefix = options[:namespace].is_a?(Proc) ? options[:namespace].call : options[:namespace]
          if prefix
            source = pattern.source
            if source.start_with?("^")
              source = source[1, source.length]
            else
              source = ".*#{source[0, source.length]}"
            end
            Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(prefix)}:#{source}", pattern.options)
          else
            pattern
          end
        end

        # Reads an entry from the cache implementation. Subclasses must implement
        # this method.
        def read_entry(key, **options)
          raise NotImplementedError.new
        end

        # Writes an entry to the cache implementation. Subclasses must implement
        # this method.
        def write_entry(key, entry, **options)
          raise NotImplementedError.new
        end

        def serialize_entry(entry, **options)
          options = merged_options(options)
          if @coder_supports_compression && options[:compress]
            @coder.dump_compressed(entry, options[:compress_threshold] || DEFAULT_COMPRESS_LIMIT)
          else
            @coder.dump(entry)
          end
        end

        def deserialize_entry(payload)
          payload.nil? ? nil : @coder.load(payload)
        end

        # Reads multiple entries from the cache implementation. Subclasses MAY
        # implement this method.
        def read_multi_entries(names, **options)
          names.each_with_object({}) do |name, results|
            key   = normalize_key(name, options)
            entry = read_entry(key, **options)

            next unless entry

            version = normalize_version(name, options)

            if entry.expired?
              delete_entry(key, **options)
            elsif !entry.mismatched?(version)
              results[name] = entry.value
            end
          end
        end

        # Writes multiple entries to the cache implementation. Subclasses MAY
        # implement this method.
        def write_multi_entries(hash, **options)
          hash.each do |key, entry|
            write_entry key, entry, **options
          end
        end

        # Deletes an entry from the cache implementation. Subclasses must
        # implement this method.
        def delete_entry(key, **options)
          raise NotImplementedError.new
        end

        # Deletes multiples entries in the cache implementation. Subclasses MAY
        # implement this method.
        def delete_multi_entries(entries, **options)
          entries.count { |key| delete_entry(key, **options) }
        end

        # Merges the default options with ones specific to a method call.
        def merged_options(call_options)
          if call_options
            call_options = normalize_options(call_options)
            if options.empty?
              call_options
            else
              options.merge(call_options)
            end
          else
            options
          end
        end

        # Normalize aliased options to their canonical form
        def normalize_options(options)
          options = options.dup
          OPTION_ALIASES.each do |canonical_name, aliases|
            alias_key = aliases.detect { |key| options.key?(key) }
            options[canonical_name] ||= options[alias_key] if alias_key
            options.except!(*aliases)
          end

          options
        end

        # Expands and namespaces the cache key. May be overridden by
        # cache stores to do additional normalization.
        def normalize_key(key, options = nil)
          namespace_key expanded_key(key), options
        end

        # Prefix the key with a namespace string:
        #
        #   namespace_key 'foo', namespace: 'cache'
        #   # => 'cache:foo'
        #
        # With a namespace block:
        #
        #   namespace_key 'foo', namespace: -> { 'cache' }
        #   # => 'cache:foo'
        def namespace_key(key, options = nil)
          options = merged_options(options)
          namespace = options[:namespace]

          if namespace.respond_to?(:call)
            namespace = namespace.call
          end

          if key && key.encoding != Encoding::UTF_8
            key = key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
          end

          if namespace
            "#{namespace}:#{key}"
          else
            key
          end
        end

        # Expands key to be a consistent string value. Invokes +cache_key+ if
        # object responds to +cache_key+. Otherwise, +to_param+ method will be
        # called. If the key is a Hash, then keys will be sorted alphabetically.
        def expanded_key(key)
          return key.cache_key.to_s if key.respond_to?(:cache_key)

          case key
          when Array
            if key.size > 1
              key.collect { |element| expanded_key(element) }
            else
              expanded_key(key.first)
            end
          when Hash
            key.collect { |k, v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.sort!
          else
            key
          end.to_param
        end

        def normalize_version(key, options = nil)
          (options && options[:version].try(:to_param)) || expanded_version(key)
        end

        def expanded_version(key)
          case
          when key.respond_to?(:cache_version) then key.cache_version.to_param
          when key.is_a?(Array)                then key.map { |element| expanded_version(element) }.tap(&:compact!).to_param
          when key.respond_to?(:to_a)          then expanded_version(key.to_a)
          end
        end

        def instrument(operation, key, options = nil)
          if logger && logger.debug? && !silence?
            logger.debug "Cache #{operation}: #{normalize_key(key, options)}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}"
          end

          payload = { key: key, store: self.class.name }
          payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload) { yield(payload) }
        end

        def handle_expired_entry(entry, key, options)
          if entry && entry.expired?
            race_ttl = options[:race_condition_ttl].to_i
            if (race_ttl > 0) && (Time.now.to_f - entry.expires_at <= race_ttl)
              # When an entry has a positive :race_condition_ttl defined, put the stale entry back into the cache
              # for a brief period while the entry is being recalculated.
              entry.expires_at = Time.now.to_f + race_ttl
              write_entry(key, entry, expires_in: race_ttl * 2)
            else
              delete_entry(key, **options)
            end
            entry = nil
          end
          entry
        end

        def get_entry_value(entry, name, options)
          instrument(:fetch_hit, name, options) { }
          entry.value
        end

        def save_block_result_to_cache(name, options)
          result = instrument(:generate, name, options) do
            yield(name)
          end

          write(name, result, options) unless result.nil? && options[:skip_nil]
          result
        end
    end

    module NullCoder # :nodoc:
      extend self

      def dump(entry)
        entry
      end

      def dump_compressed(entry, threshold)
        entry.compressed(threshold)
      end

      def load(payload)
        payload
      end
    end

    module Coders # :nodoc:
      MARK_61              = "\x04\b".b.freeze # The one set by Marshal.
      MARK_70_UNCOMPRESSED = "\x00".b.freeze
      MARK_70_COMPRESSED   = "\x01".b.freeze

      class << self
        def [](version)
          case version
          when 6.1
            Rails61Coder
          when 7.0
            Rails70Coder
          else
            raise ArgumentError, "Unknown ActiveSupport::Cache.format_version: #{Cache.format_version.inspect}"
          end
        end
      end

      module Loader
        extend self

        def load(payload)
          if !payload.is_a?(String)
            ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger&.warn %{Payload wasn't a string, was #{payload.class.name} - couldn't unmarshal, so returning nil."}

            return nil
          elsif payload.start_with?(MARK_70_UNCOMPRESSED)
            members = Marshal.load(payload.byteslice(1..-1))
          elsif payload.start_with?(MARK_70_COMPRESSED)
            members = Marshal.load(Zlib::Inflate.inflate(payload.byteslice(1..-1)))
          elsif payload.start_with?(MARK_61)
            return Marshal.load(payload)
          else
            ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger&.warn %{Invalid cache prefix: #{payload.byteslice(0).inspect}, expected "\\x00" or "\\x01"}

            return nil
          end
          Entry.unpack(members)
        end
      end

      module Rails61Coder
        include Loader
        extend self

        def dump(entry)
          Marshal.dump(entry)
        end

        def dump_compressed(entry, threshold)
          Marshal.dump(entry.compressed(threshold))
        end
      end

      module Rails70Coder
        include Loader
        extend self

        def dump(entry)
          MARK_70_UNCOMPRESSED + Marshal.dump(entry.pack)
        end

        def dump_compressed(entry, threshold)
          payload = Marshal.dump(entry.pack)
          if payload.bytesize >= threshold
            compressed_payload = Zlib::Deflate.deflate(payload)
            if compressed_payload.bytesize < payload.bytesize
              return MARK_70_COMPRESSED + compressed_payload
            end
          end

          MARK_70_UNCOMPRESSED + payload
        end
      end
    end

    # This class is used to represent cache entries. Cache entries have a value, an optional
    # expiration time, and an optional version. The expiration time is used to support the :race_condition_ttl option
    # on the cache. The version is used to support the :version option on the cache for rejecting
    # mismatches.
    #
    # Since cache entries in most instances will be serialized, the internals of this class are highly optimized
    # using short instance variable names that are lazily defined.
    class Entry # :nodoc:
      class << self
        def unpack(members)
          new(members[0], expires_at: members[1], version: members[2])
        end
      end

      attr_reader :version

      # Creates a new cache entry for the specified value. Options supported are
      # +:compressed+, +:version+, +:expires_at+ and +:expires_in+.
      def initialize(value, compressed: false, version: nil, expires_in: nil, expires_at: nil, **)
        @value      = value
        @version    = version
        @created_at = 0.0
        @expires_in = expires_at&.to_f || expires_in && (expires_in.to_f + Time.now.to_f)
        @compressed = true if compressed
      end

      def value
        compressed? ? uncompress(@value) : @value
      end

      def mismatched?(version)
        @version && version && @version != version
      end

      # Checks if the entry is expired. The +expires_in+ parameter can override
      # the value set when the entry was created.
      def expired?
        @expires_in && @created_at + @expires_in <= Time.now.to_f
      end

      def expires_at
        @expires_in ? @created_at + @expires_in : nil
      end

      def expires_at=(value)
        if value
          @expires_in = value.to_f - @created_at
        else
          @expires_in = nil
        end
      end

      # Returns the size of the cached value. This could be less than
      # <tt>value.bytesize</tt> if the data is compressed.
      def bytesize
        case value
        when NilClass
          0
        when String
          @value.bytesize
        else
          @s ||= Marshal.dump(@value).bytesize
        end
      end

      def compressed? # :nodoc:
        defined?(@compressed)
      end

      def compressed(compress_threshold)
        return self if compressed?

        case @value
        when nil, true, false, Numeric
          uncompressed_size = 0
        when String
          uncompressed_size = @value.bytesize
        else
          serialized = Marshal.dump(@value)
          uncompressed_size = serialized.bytesize
        end

        if uncompressed_size >= compress_threshold
          serialized ||= Marshal.dump(@value)
          compressed = Zlib::Deflate.deflate(serialized)

          if compressed.bytesize < uncompressed_size
            return Entry.new(compressed, compressed: true, expires_at: expires_at, version: version)
          end
        end
        self
      end

      def local?
        false
      end

      # Duplicates the value in a class. This is used by cache implementations that don't natively
      # serialize entries to protect against accidental cache modifications.
      def dup_value!
        if @value && !compressed? && !(@value.is_a?(Numeric) || @value == true || @value == false)
          if @value.is_a?(String)
            @value = @value.dup
          else
            @value = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@value))
          end
        end
      end

      def pack
        members = [value, expires_at, version]
        members.pop while !members.empty? && members.last.nil?
        members
      end

      private
        def uncompress(value)
          Marshal.load(Zlib::Inflate.inflate(value))
        end
    end
  end
end